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Human Structure Block 3 FA22 > Face, Scalp and Skull > Flashcards

Face, Scalp and Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What is the portion of the skull making up the face?

A

Viscerocranium

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2
Q

What is the viscerocranium derived from?

A

Pharyngeal arches which come from neural crest cells

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3
Q

The portion of the skull that contains the brain and brainstem (meninges as well) would be what?

A

Neurocranium

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4
Q

What are the parts of the neurocranium?

A
  1. Cranial Base (basicranium): underlying the brain
  2. Cranial Vault (calvaria): covers the brain
  3. Sensory Capsules: bones encapsulating sensory organs
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5
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification? Give an example(s)

A

Hyaline cartilage that is replaced by bone (Cranial Base = chondrocranium)

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6
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification? Give an example(s)

A

Bone tissue that directly replaces mesenchyme. (Calvaria, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, squamous portion of temporal bone)

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7
Q

What is Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives (in relation to ossification)? Give example(s)

A

Neural crest cells that migrate into arches and from bone. (Malleus, incus, stapes, styloid process of temporal bone, hyoid bone)

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8
Q

Pharyngeal Arch 1 becomes what bones?

A

Arch 1: Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic bone, malleus, and incus

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9
Q

Pharyngeal Arch 2 becomes what bones?

A

Arch 2: Stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, and superior portion of the hyoid

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10
Q

Pharyngeal Arch 3 becomes what bones?

A

Arch 3: Greater horn of hyoid and inferior portion of hyoid

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11
Q

All of the cranial base is ossified except for what?

A

Nasal Septum and Spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS)

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12
Q

What are the three modes of pistnatal growth?

A

Endochondral, Sutural, and Remodeling

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13
Q

What is Endochondral growth?

A

Occurring at synchondroses, it is similar to epiphyses of long bones where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone

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14
Q

What is Sutural growth?

A

Creation of bones in sutures

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15
Q

What is remodeling growth?

A

Complex scouring and addition of bone to create a new surface

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16
Q

Facial bones develop from what?

A

mesenchyme of pharyngeal arches

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17
Q

What are the sinus of the skull

A

Sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal

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18
Q

When do sinuses develop?

A

Birth: not present
1 year: Growth center present
2 years: Definitive sinuses

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19
Q

When do the fontanelles close?

A

3 months: Posterior and anterolateral fontanelles
2 years: Anterior and posterolateral fontanelles

20
Q

What are the types of Craniosynostoses?

A

Sagittal (Scaphocephaly): Premature closure of sagittal suture

Coronal: premature closure of one (anterior plagiocephaly) or both (brachycephaly) coronal sutures

Metopic (trigonocephaly): premature fusion of metopic suture

Lambdoid (posterior plagiocephaly): premature closure of lambdoid suture

21
Q

What is the treatment for craniosynostosis?

A

Helmet that acts like the skull

22
Q

What structures make up and are found in the Anterior Cranial Fossa?

A

Bones: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid
Brain: Frontal Lobe
Nerve: Olfactory Nerves
Structures: Orbit of the eyes just inferior

23
Q

What structures make up and are found in the Middle Cranial Fossa?

A

Bones: Sphenoid and Temporal
Brain: Temporal Lobe
Arteries: Middle Meningeal Artery
Nerve: CN II, CN III, IV, V, VI
Structures: Cavernous Sinus, Pituitary Gland, and Hypothalamus

24
Q

What structures make up and are found in the Posterior Cranial Fossa?

A

Bones: Temporal and Occipital
Brain: Cerebellum
Nerve: CN VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Structures: Brainstem (pons and medulla)

25
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A

Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Procerus
Nasalis
Levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus
Levator anguli oris
orbicularis oris
Risorius
Mentalis
Depressor Anguli oris
Platysma
Buccinator
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

26
Q

What nerve innervates muscles of facial expression?

A

CN VII (Facial)

27
Q

What is the pathway in which the facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A
  1. Brainstem
  2. CN VII
  3. Internal Acoustic Meatus
  4. Geniculate Ganglion
  5. Facial Canal
  6. Stylomastoid Foramen
  7. Muscles
28
Q

What is the pathway in which the facial nerve innervates glands and tongue?

A
  1. Brainstem
  2. CN VII
  3. Internal Acoustic Meatus
  4. Middle Ear (chorda tympani)
  5. Petrotympanic fissure
  6. Lingual N (CN V)
  7. Submandibular Ganglion
  8. Taste of anterior 2/3 tongue and submandibular and sublingual glands
29
Q

The Facial Nerve (CN VII) gives off what branches?

A

Posteriorly: Posterior Auricular Nerve
Anteriorly: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical

30
Q

Name the branches of the external carotid artery.

A

Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery

31
Q

The facial artery branches into what arteries?

A

Superior and inferior labial artery
Angular Artery

32
Q

What are the layers of the Scalp?

A

Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis (epicranial)
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
Periosteum (pericranium)

33
Q

What veins drain into the external jugular vein?

A

Posterior auricular + Superficial temporal and auriculotemporal vein

34
Q

The supraorbital and infraorbital veins drain deeply to the what?

A

Cavernous sinus (and the pterygoid plexus)

35
Q

What is clinical relevant to the cavernous sinus?

A

Active site for infections to travel (meningitis)

36
Q

What is the pathway of veinous drainage of the superficial scalp?

A

Scalp veins -> emissary veins -> dural venous sinus

37
Q

Describe the cutaneous innervation of the face/scalp

A

V1 (ophthalmic n): Tip of nose and frontal bone
V2 (Maxillary n): Lateral nose and cheek
V3 (mandibular n): Mandible and anterior ear
C2 (greater and lesser occipital): Greater posterior scalp and lesser is right behind ear

38
Q

What are the branches of V1 that innervate the skin?

A
  1. Supra-orbital
  2. Supratrochlear
  3. Lacrimal
  4. Infratrochlear
  5. External nasal
39
Q

What are the branches of V2 that innervate the skin?

A
  1. Infra-orbital
  2. Zygomaticofacial
  3. Zygomaticotemporal
40
Q

What are the branches of V3 that innervate the skin?

A
  1. Buccal
  2. Mental
  3. Auriculotemporal
41
Q

Define Bell’s Palsy

A

Paralysis of muscles of facial expression due to lesion or inflammation around facial nerve

  • might not have anterior 2/3 taste on tongue
  • might not have decreases secretion from glands
  • Will have loss of efferent limb of corneal reflux
42
Q

What is the most common cause of Bell’s Palsy?

A

Inflammation of nerve at the stylomastoid foramen

43
Q

What is Herpes Zoster Oticus?

A

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome where the varicella zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion becomes active

Symptoms: Otalgia (ear pain), auricular vesicles, peripheral facial paralysis

44
Q

What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A

Mild to severe pain along the branch of the trigeminal nerve due to compression of nerve, sclerosis, tumors, ect…

45
Q

The Herpes Zoster Virus (found in the dorsal root ganglion) can affect the trigeminal nerve. Which branch is most commonly affected?

A

V1

Human Structure Block 3 FA22 (9 decks)

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