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Rad. positioning > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the hand?

A

27

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2
Q

what are the bones of the digits called?

A

Phalanges

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3
Q

what are the bones of the palm called?

A

metacarpals

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4
Q

what are the bones of the wrist called?

A

carpals

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5
Q

the lateral side of the hand is the ____ side

A

thumb

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6
Q

the first digit of the hand is the

A

thumb

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7
Q

the second digit is the

A

index finger

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8
Q

the third digit is the

A

middle finger

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9
Q

the forth digit is the

A

ring finger

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10
Q

the fifth digit is the

A

pinky or small finger

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11
Q

How many phalanges are in the digits?

A

14

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12
Q

what type of bones are the phalanges?

A

long

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13
Q

how many phalanges are in the first digit?

A

2

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14
Q

all digits except the thumb have ___ phalanges.

A

3

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15
Q

what are the 3 phalanges in the 2nd-5th digits called from top to bottom?

A

distal
middle
proximal

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16
Q

the distal phalanges are small and flat and have a ________ like appearance.

A

spatula

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17
Q

each phalanx has a _____, ______, and ______.

A

head
body
base

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18
Q

there are ___ metacarpals in the hand.

A

5

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19
Q

what type of bones are metacarpals?

A

long

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20
Q

the metacarpals have 2 ends called the

A

head (distal)
base (proximal)

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21
Q

where do fractures normally occur in the metacarpals?

A

neck (area between the head and base)

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22
Q

the first metacarpal has 2 small ______ bones on its palmar aspect below the neck.

A

sesamoid

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23
Q

the metacarpals head is commonly know as the

A

knuckles

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24
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

8

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25
Q

the carpal bones are arranged in 2 _______ rows

A

horizontal

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26
Q

what type of bones are the carpals?

A

short

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27
Q

the carpals are composed largely of _______ tissue with an outer layer of ________ bony tissue.

A

Cancellous
compact

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28
Q

the proximal row of carpals (nearest the forearm) contains the

A

scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform

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29
Q

the distal row of carpals contains the

A

trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate

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30
Q

the ____ is the largest bone in the proximal carpal row and is ____ near the base of the thumb.

A

scaphoid
palpable

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31
Q

the ____ articulates with the radius proximally and has a crescent shape.

A

Lunate

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32
Q

the _____ is approximately pyramidal and articulates anteriorly with the hamate.

A

triquetrum

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33
Q

the ______ is pea-shaped and situated anterior to the triquetrum.

A

pisiform

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34
Q

The ________ joints are synovial and are hinge joints which permit only flexion and extension

A

interphalangeal

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35
Q

The __________ articulations are synovial ellipsoidal joints and have the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumlocution

A

metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

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36
Q

The MCP of the thumb is limited to _______ and _______.

A

abduction and adduction.

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37
Q

The first carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is ________. Permits the thumb to oppose the fingers and touch tips.

A

saddle joint

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38
Q

The ________ articulations are gliding synovial joints.

A

intercarpal

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39
Q

The triangular depression on the posterior lateral surface of the wrist is a depression known as the anatomic _______.

A

snuffbox

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40
Q

what is the most common bone in the carpal to be fractured?

A

scaphoid

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41
Q

The ____ is located on the lateral side of the forearm.

A

Radius

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42
Q

The ____ is located on the medial side of the forearm.

A

Ulna

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43
Q

the two processes of the upper part of the Ulna are

A

Olecranon process
Coronoid process

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44
Q

A depression called the _________ is located on the lateral aspect of the coronoid process.

A

Radial notch

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45
Q

the distal end of the ulna includes a rounded process on its lateral side called the

A

Ulnar styloid process

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46
Q

the conic projection on the distal end on the lateral surface of the radius is called

A

radial styloid process.

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47
Q

The arm has one bone called the

A

humerus

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48
Q

the entire distal end of the humerus is called

A

humeral condyle

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49
Q

the site for many fractures in the humerus is the

A

surgical neck

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50
Q

the _____ fat pad covers the largest are and lies within the olecranon fossa of the posterior humerus.

A

posterior

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51
Q

the superimposed coronoid and radial fossa of the anterior humerus form the _____ fat pads.

A

Anterior

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52
Q

the ______ fat pad is positioned anterior to and parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius.

A

Supinator

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53
Q

When the elbow is flexed 90 degrees for the lateral projection, what fat pads can be seen?

A

Anterior and Supinator

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54
Q

the anterior fat pad resembles a

A

tear drop

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55
Q

the SID for upper extremities is

A

40

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56
Q

when doing a PA projection of the digits, the ____ side of the hand should be on the IR

A

palmar

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57
Q

When radiographing the digits which digit should be centered to the IR?

A

the digit under examination.

58
Q

fat pads are usually an indication for an

A

elbow injury

59
Q

The routine projections for digits, hand and wrist are

A

PA
Oblique
Lateral

60
Q

where does a boxer’s fracture occur?

A

5th metacarpal bones

61
Q

we do a PA oblique hand to demonstrate

A

joint spaces

62
Q

when doing a lateral hand with the ulnar surface to the IR, we call it

A

lateromedial

63
Q

the AP oblique hand can be done to look for

A

arthritis

64
Q

the first CMC joint is classified as ______, and ______.

A

synovial
saddle type

65
Q

articulations between the bases of the metacarpals and the carpal bones is the

A

carpometacarpal (CMC) joints

66
Q

the second to fifth CMC joints are _____ types

A

gliding

67
Q

the articulations between the carpal bones are the

A

intercarpal joints

68
Q

the articulation between the carpals and the distal radius is the

A

radiocarpal joint

69
Q

the elbow joint is a ______ type joint that allows flexion and extension

A

hinge

70
Q

the shoulder joint is a _____ and ______ type joint.

A

Ball and Socket

71
Q

what is the proximal row of the carpal bones from lateral to medial?

A

scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisiform

72
Q

what is the distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial?

A

trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate

73
Q

the area between the distal and middle phalanges is called the

A

distal interphalages

74
Q

the are between the middle and proximal phalanges is called

A

proximal interphalanges

75
Q

for the 2nd-5th digits, the CR will enter at what area of the affected digit?

A

Proximal interphalange (PIP) joint

76
Q

for the 2nd-5th digits, the CR will be directed

A

perpendicular

77
Q

when doing a PA Oblique of the digits, the digit will be rotated ____ degrees.

A

45

78
Q

The digits should be _______ to the IR when doing a PA oblique

A

Parallel

79
Q

When doing an AP thumb, the hand will be in a _______ ______ rotation.

A

Extreme Medial

80
Q

For an AP thumb, the CR will be perpendicular to the _____ joint

A

MCP

81
Q

Where does the CR enter the third digit for the PA projection?

A

3rd PIP joint

82
Q

which surface of the hand is on the IR when doing a PA hand?

A

palmar surface

83
Q

The CR will enter _________ to the ____ joint for a PA hand.

A

perpendicular
3rd MCP

84
Q

when doing a PA oblique hand, the hand is at a _____ degree angle.

A

45

85
Q

how is the hand rotated when doing a PA oblique?

A

Laterally

86
Q

For a PA oblique wrist, the Cr will enter at what area of the wrist?

A

Perpendicular to midcarpals

87
Q

what is a Fan lateral used for?

A

Phalange fractures

88
Q

a Lateral view is used for _______ fractures.

A

metacarpal

89
Q

What is the name of the method when the IR is tilted 20 degrees with the CR at the scaphoid?

A

Stecher method

90
Q

During the Stecher method, _____ is angled and not the _____.

A

IR
Tube

91
Q

what method is used for imaging the carpal tunnel?

A

Gaynor-hart method or Tangential

92
Q

For the Gaynor-hart method (tangential), how many degrees is the CR angle?

A

25-30

93
Q

how is the hand positioned in the tangential method?

A

hyperextended with digits pulled back.

94
Q

the CR is centered to the __________ for the Gaynor-hart method?

A

3rd metacarpal

95
Q

The Radius is located on the ____ side.

A

thumb

96
Q

The Ulna is located on the _____ side.

A

Pinky

97
Q

which carpal bone must be seen on the AP projection of the thumb?

A

trapezium

98
Q

which bone of the forearm is on the medial side?

A

Ulna

99
Q

which bone of the forearm is on the lateral side?

A

Radius

100
Q

Is the Olecranon process on the Ulna or Radius?

A

Ulna

101
Q

The Olecranon process is on the _____ end of the Ulna.

A

proximal

102
Q

Is the Olecranon process located anteriorly or posteriorly in the anatomic position?

A

posteriorly

103
Q

Which bone is the coronoid process on?

A

Ulna

104
Q

the Coronoid process is located on the _____ end of the Ulna.

A

Proximal

105
Q

Is the Coronoid process located anteriorly or posteriorly in the anatomic position?

A

Anteriorly

106
Q

Is the radial head located proximal or distally?

A

proximal

107
Q

is the Ulnar head located proximal or distally?

A

Distally

108
Q

what part of the humerus articulates with the radial head?

A

Capitulum

109
Q

for the AP of the forearm, is the hand supinated or pronated?

A

Supinated

110
Q

for the AP of the forearm, are the humeral epicondyles parallel or perpendicular?

A

Parallel

111
Q

For a lateral forearm, the elbow is flexed ____ degrees.

A

90

112
Q

the hand is _____ for the lateral forearm.

A

Lateral

113
Q

for the Lateral forearm, the CR is _________ to the IR.

A

Perpendicular

114
Q

for the lateral forearm, the humeral epicondyles are perpendicular or parallel to the IR?

A

Perpendicular

115
Q

For the AP elbow, the hand is pronated or supinated?

A

supinated

116
Q

Are the Humeral epicondyles perpendicular or parallel to the IR during an AP elbow?

A

Parallel

117
Q

for the Lateral elbow, the elbow is flexed ___ degrees.

A

90

118
Q

The forearm is resting on the ____ surface or the lateral elbow.

A

Ulnar

119
Q

For the lateral elbow, are the humeral epicondyles perpendicular or parallel to the IR?

A

Perpendicular

120
Q

The elbow oblique is medially ___ degrees.

A

45

121
Q

the elbow oblique is lateral ___ degrees?

A

45

122
Q

the elbow medial oblique demonstrated what structure?

A

coronoid process

123
Q

the elbow lateral oblique demonstrates what structures?

A

Radial head
Neck
Capitulum

124
Q

How many images are made for the partial flexion of an AP elbow?

A

2

125
Q

Why would partial flexion projections of the elbow be made?

A

when patient cannot extend the arm

126
Q

The coyle method that has the CR angled 45 degrees toward shoulder will demonstrate which structure best?

A

Radial head

127
Q

Where should the top boarder of the IR or light field be placed for a lateral humerus?

A

Approximately 1 1/2 inches above humeral head

128
Q

for a lateral humerus, the elbow should be flexed at ___ degrees and palm of hand on ___ if possible

A

90
hip

129
Q

in the lateral humerus, the CR is ________ to mid-portion of the humerus and centered to the IR

A

Perpendicular

130
Q

The AP forearm, AP elbow, and AP humerus all require the humeral epicondyles to be positioned ______ with the IR.

A

Parallel

131
Q

which projection of the elbow demonstrates the olecranon in profile?

A

lateral

132
Q

what structure is in profile on the lateral side of the proximal humerus on the AP projection of the humerus?

A

Greater Tubercle

133
Q

what is the largest bone on the distal row of the carpals?

A

capitate

134
Q

The gaynord-hart method is looking carpal tunnel in which nerve?

A

Median

135
Q

how do you rotate the hand for Ulnar deviation?

A

toward the pinky or ulna

136
Q

what method is used for carpal tunnel?

A

Gaynor-Hart

137
Q

Ulnar deviation can have an angle of ___-____ degrees if the scaphoid needs to be seen

A

10-15

138
Q

there are ___ joints of the upper limbs

A

10

139
Q

The 10 joints of the upper limbs are _______ tissue and _____ moveable

A

synovial
freely

140
Q

The first digit is a ______ joint.

A

Saddle

141
Q

The _____ is the only saddle joint.

A

thumb

Rad. positioning (11 decks)

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