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Anatomy 2 > Female Reproductive > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of Ovaries?

2 main things

A
  1. Produce secondary oocytes
  2. Hormones-Relaxin, inhibin, progesterone, estrogen
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2
Q

Function of the Uterine tubes

A

Transportation of the secondary ooycte to the uterus for the usual site of fertilization

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3
Q

Function of the Vagina

(2)

A
  1. Receives the penis during intercouse
  2. Passageway of childbirth
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4
Q

Function of the Mammary Glands

(3)

A
  • Synthesize
  • Secrete
  • Eject milk
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5
Q

What is the paired female glands homologous to the testes?

A

Ovaries

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6
Q

Broad ligament

A

Part of parietal peritoneum

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7
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Anchors ovaries to uterus

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8
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

Attaches ovaries to pelvic wall and has vessels inside

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9
Q

What are the four layers of ovaries from deep to superficial

A
  1. Medulla-blood vessels, lymphatics & nerves
  2. Cortex-connective tissue and ovarian follicles
  3. Tunica albugenia-thick connective tissue layer
  4. Surface of ovary- Germinal epithelium
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10
Q

Ovarian arteries

A

Direct branches from abdominal aorta

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11
Q

Ovarian veins

Right and Left

A

R-inferior vena cava
L-Left renal vein

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12
Q

Lymphatic drainage

A

End in the lateral aortic lymph nodes

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13
Q

Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors

50-40-30

A

Over age 50
More than 40 years of active ovulation
First pregnancy after 30

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14
Q

Ovarian Cancer Early Stage

Symptoms

A

Asymptomatic-or mild symptoms of
* Abdominal discomfort
* Heartburn
* Nausea
* Decreased appetite
* Bloating
* Flatulence

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15
Q

Ovarian Cancer Late Stage

Symptoms

A
  • Enlarged abdomen
  • Abdominal/pelvic pain
  • GI disturbance
  • Urinary complications
  • Menstrual irregularities
  • Heavy flow
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16
Q

Fallopian Tube Parts

Starting from Ovary

A

NO direct contact
1. Infundibulum (fimbria)
2. Ampulla (large)
3. Isthmus-opening to uterus

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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine tube composed of?

A
  1. Mucosa-non-ciliated peg cells w/ microvilli and ciliated simple columnar epithelium
  2. 2 layers; inner circular and outer longitudinal
  3. Serosa
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18
Q

What is the function of the Uterus?

A

Muscular organ that provides a protective and nutritive environment for developing fetus

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19
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Uterus?

A
  1. Fundus-superior
  2. Body-tapering central portion
  3. Cervix-inferior narrow portion
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20
Q

Uterine wall layers from superficial to deep

(3)

A
  1. Outer perimetrium-lined by serosa/adventitia
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium-Shed during menses
21
Q

What are the two parts of the endometrium and what do they do?

A
  1. Stratum functionalis-lost monthly if no pregnancy
  2. Stratum basalis: retained during menstruation and provides stem cells for stratum functionalis for next cycle
22
Q

Normal Anatomical Position of Uterus

A
  1. Anteverted
  2. Anteflex
23
Q

What supports the Uterus?

(5)

A
  1. Pelvic floor muscles
  2. Perineal body
  3. Transverse cervical ligaments
  4. Uterosacral ligaments
  5. Round ligaments of the uterus
24
Q

What is Uterine Prolapse?

A
  • Support structures no longer can counteract typical intra-abdominal pressure.
  • Caused by uterosacral ligaments and pelvic floor muscles
24
Q

What are the treatments for Uterine Prolapse?

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Exercises
  3. Lifestyle changes
25
Q

Epiosotomy procedure

A
  • Perineal cut between the vagina and anus w/ surgical scissors d/t breech presentation, large fetus, forceps delivery, fetal distress
  • Complications include: pain, increased risk of fecal incontinence
26
Q

Blood supply of the uterus

Arterial

A
  1. Uterine arteries-branches of the internal iliac arteries
  2. Ovarian arteries-from aorta
27
Q

Venous drainage of the Uterus

A

Uterine and vaginal veins drain to the ovarian and internal iliac veins

28
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Removal of the uterus
Indications include:
* Uterine fibroids
* Pelvic inflammatory disease
* Endometriosis
* Excessive uterine bleeding
* Cancer of the cervix, uterus, or ovaries

29
Q

Cervical Cancer important things to remember

A
  • Detected by Pap smears
  • most are caused by HPV (STD)
  • Main symptom is abnormal vaginal bleeding
30
Q

Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

A
  1. HPV infection
  2. Smoking
  3. Immunosuppression
  4. Long-term oral contraceptive use
  5. Overweight
31
Q

Cervical Cancer Tx and Prevention

A

Prevention: Gardasil and Cervarix (vaccines)
Tx:
1.Surgery
2. Cryo/laser/radiation/chemo therapy

32
Q

Vagina fibromuscular canal

Composed of 3 layers

A
  1. Mucuosa-non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle-inner circular and outer longitudinal
  3. Adventitia: loose connective tissue that anchors vagina
33
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • Modified sweat glands
  • 15-25 lobes
  • Grandular elements are arranged in a radial fashion around the nipple which ducts from secretory units empty into
34
Q

What is Fibrocystic change of the breasts?

A
  1. NOT a cancer
  2. D/T hormonal stimulation of breast tissue
  3. Results in dilated fluid-filled acini and stroma abundance
  4. Small cysts-painful lumpy breasts
  5. Symptoms follow menstrual cycle
35
Q

What is the most common Breast Cancer?

A

Ductile carcinoma

36
Q

Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations

(3)

A
  1. Breast self-exam: monthly over age 20
  2. Clinical breast exam: q3 years between 20-40 and annually afterwards
  3. Mammography: annually age 40 or older

If family history of breast cancer-screening must start earlier

37
Q

What is the typical duration of Female Reproductive Cylcle?

A

24-35 days 28 day average

38
Q

Menstrual Phase

What phase number and what days?

A

First phase
Days 1-5

39
Q

Preovulatory Phase

What phase number and what days?

A

Phase 2
Days 6-13

40
Q

Ovulation

What phase number and what days?

A

Phase 3
Day 14

41
Q

Postovulatory phase

What phase number and what days?

A

Phase 4
Days 15-28

42
Q

What hormone is most active during each phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

F-FSH (menstrual phase)
E-Estrogen (Preovulatory phase)
L-LH-(Ovulation)
A-ALL-(Postovulatory phase)

43
Q

What meiotic phase do the oocyte arrest in?

A

Prophase I

44
Q

What meoitic phase do secondary oocytes arrest in?

A

Metaphase II

45
Q

What secretes estrogen and what are the main functions of estrogen?

4 functions

A

Secretion by ovarian follicles
1. Promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures
2. Increases protein anabolism (including strong bones)
3. Lowers blood cholesterol
4. Inhibits GnRH (-ve feedback)

46
Q

What secretes Progesterone and what does it do?

A

Secreted by corpus luteum
1. Works with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk production
2. Inhibits GnRH and LH (-ve feedback)

47
Q

What secretes Relaxin? What is the purpose of relaxin?

A

Secreted by corpus luteum
1. Relaxes uterus by inhibiting the contraction of myometrium
2. Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix (late pregnancy)

48
Q

What secretes inhibin and what does it do?

A

Secreted by the granulosa cells of growing follices AND corpus luteum
* Inhibits FSH and LH (-ve feedback)

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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