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BIOL 208 > Populations > Flashcards

Populations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of populations?

A

Density = number of individuals per unit area
Distribution = size, shape, and location of area occupied

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2
Q

What is absolute density?

A

The number of individuals of a population per uni area
-eg. # of moose per hectare

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3
Q

What is ecological density?

A

The number of individuals of a population per unit area suitable habitat
eg. # if moose per hectare forest

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4
Q

What is dispersal?

A

The permanent movement of individuals, usually from one population to another

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5
Q

What is gravity seed dispersal?

A

Large seed size
Short dispersal distances

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6
Q

What is ballistic seed dispersal?

A

Explosive dispersal
Short dispersal distances

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7
Q

What is wind seed dispersal?

A

Seeds with appendages
Short to long dispersal distances

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8
Q

What is water seed dispersal?

A

Seeds with floating capabilities
Short to long dispersal distances

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9
Q

What is animal seed dispersal?

A

Via ingestion and defecation or hooks
Short to long distances

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10
Q

What is human seed dispersal?

A

Breeding and transportation
Short to long distances

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11
Q

What can dispersal alter?

A

Alter species distributions and local population densities

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12
Q

What are the two major categories of dispersal?

A

Immigration = movement into a local population
Emigration = movement out of a local population

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13
Q

What responses do predators show in response to variations in prey density?

A

Functional response = increase/decrease in feeding rate short-term
Numerical response = change in density of predator populations in response to changes in prey density

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14
Q

What are the drivers of numerical responses?

A

Reproduction
Dispersal (aggregative response)

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15
Q

How does reproduction drive numerical responses?

A

Time lag between peak prey population and peak predator population
Non-synchronized dynamic between predator and prey
Lag due to time needed for predators to produce offspring

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16
Q

How does dispersal drive numerical responses?

A

No time lag between peak prey population and peak predator population
Synchronized predator and prey dynamics
No time lag as species are highly mobile and can track prey across the landscape

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17
Q

What is distribution limited by?

A

The physical environment and species niche requirements
A species can only exist in areas where its niche requirements are fulfilled

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18
Q

How can organisms be distributed on smaller scales?

A

Distributed in patterns that are random, regular, or clumped

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19
Q

What is small scale random distribution?

A

An individual has equal probability of occurring anywhere in the area
Neutral interactions between individuals, and between individuals and the environment

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20
Q

What is small scale regular distribution?

A

Individuals are uniformly spaced through the environment
Antagonistic interactions between individuals or local depletion of resources

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21
Q

What is small scale clumped distribution?

A

Individuals live in areas oh high local abundance, which are separated by areas of low abundance
Attraction between individuals or to a common resource; limited dispersal

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22
Q

What are large scale distributions?

A

How populations are distributed over scales in which there is significant environmental variation
The individuals of many animal and plant species are clumped
The broader the niche, the wider a species large scale distribution is

23
Q

Why aren’t all species in all places?

A

All organisms have limited energy and resources
It takes extra energy to survive and reproduce in regions on the edge of their niche

24
Q

What do species expand their range in response to?

A

Climate change

25
Q

What is dispersal lag?

A

Phenomenon where a species have not had enough time yet to colonize an area but will eventually

26
Q

What is a metapopulation?

A

Made up of a group of subpopulations living on patches of habitat connected by an exchange of individuals
Only exist when individuals can disperse from one population to another
If no dispersal, not a metapopulation

27
Q

What is population structure?

A

Other demographic characteristics like age distributions, sex ratios, birth and death rates, immigration and emigration rates, rates of growth

28
Q

What is the relation between organism size and population density?

A

In general, population density declines with increases in organism size because of body scaling and metabolic demand vs resource availability

29
Q

What is the relationship between size spectrum and plants?

A

Relationship is dynamic in a plant’s life stages
Density decreases with increasing biomass (age) in a process called self-thinning due to competition among plants
-seeding = high density
-adult = low density

30
Q

What is the rarity of species influenced by?

A

Geographic range of species
Habitat tolerance
Local population size

31
Q

What are the combinations of rarity?

A

Common species
Species with one aspect of rarity = somewhat vulnerable
Species with two aspects of rarity = more vulnerable
Species with three aspects of rarity = prone to extinction

32
Q

What are the IUCN red list categories?

A

LC = least concern
NT = not threatened
VU = vulnerable
EN = endangered
CR = critically endangered
EW = extinct in the wild
EX = extinct

33
Q

What are special concern species?

A

Particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events

34
Q

What are threatened species?

A

Likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reverse

35
Q

What are endangered species?

A

At immediate risk of extirpation or extinction

36
Q

What are extirpated species?

A

No longer exists in Canada, but does elsewhere

37
Q

What are extinct species?

A

No longer exists anywhere in the world

38
Q

What are data deficient species?

A

Not enough information to access status

39
Q

What are life tables?

A

Bookkeeping device to track births and deaths in populations, from which to estimate survival

40
Q

What is the survivorship curve?

A

Graphic summary
Pattern of survival in a population, based on life table data

41
Q

What is a cohort life table?

A

Identify individuals (cohort) born at the same time and keep records from birth
Data is most accurate but often difficult to collect as they require tracking individuals

42
Q

What is a static life table?

A

Record age at death of large number of individuals over narrow window in time
Requires accurate estimate of age at death

43
Q

What is age distribution?

A

Calculate difference in proportion of individuals in each age class
Assumes differences in numbers from one age class to next due to mortality

44
Q

How are survivorship curves constructed?

A

Once a life table is obtained, the number of survivors on the y-axis and the age on the x-axis can be graphed

45
Q

What is a type 1 survivorship curve?

A

High survival of young
Animals die at older ages
Most vertebrates, humans, annual plants

46
Q

What is a type 2 survivorship curve?

A

Constant rates of survival
Birds

47
Q

What is a type 3 survivorship curve?

A

Low survival of young
Very few individuals make it to old age
Fish, trees

48
Q

What does age distribution reflect?

A

History of survival, reproduction, and growth potential

49
Q

How can we use age distribution to understand species stability?

A

A population might be relatively stable if there are lots of young individuals to replace older, dying individuals
Might be less stable if there are less young individuals because they die off

50
Q

How can we use age distribution to study climate problems?

A

Even distributions will indicate a steady climate
Cohorts missing due to droughts are subsequence lack of reproduction or large cohorts due to wet year and lots of resources can indicate climate change

51
Q

What is sex ratio?

A

Relative frequency of each sex type in population

52
Q

What do population sex ratio changes depend on?

A

Relative fitness of different sexes

53
Q

Why are sex ratios usually equal?

A

Frequency-dependent selection = fitness of a genotype depends on its frequency
Only females can reproduce = more females as time goes on

BIOL 208 (32 decks)

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