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Genetics > exam 2 Bacterial and viral gentic system > Flashcards

exam 2 Bacterial and viral gentic system Flashcards

1
Q

freely replicating plasmids are called

A

Episomes

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2
Q

Describe bacterial genome

A

mostly single, circular DNA molecule/chromosomes

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3
Q

these are extra chromosomes, small circular dna that sometimes integrate into genome

A

plasmids

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4
Q

What are ways to transfer gene in Bacteria

A

COnjugation
Transformation
Transduction

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5
Q

This direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

A

Conjugation

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6
Q

In this way, the bacterium takes up free DNA from the medium

A

Transformation

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7
Q

This way, bacterial viruses take DNA from one bacterium to another

A

Transduction

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8
Q

Is conjugation a reciprocal exchange of genetic information TRUE/FALSE

A

False

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9
Q

sex pilus is a

A

connection tube

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10
Q

F+ cells

A

donor cells containing F factor

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11
Q

F- cells

A

recipient cells lacking F factor

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12
Q

Antibiotic resistance comes from

A

the action of genes located on R plasmids.

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13
Q

Is antibiotic resistance a natural gene transfer or artificial

A

natural gene

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14
Q

Is the transfer of R plasmiods restricted to bacteria of the same or even related species

A

no, it is not

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15
Q

which cell takes up DNA

A

Competent cells

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16
Q

which cells that receive genetic material

A

transformants

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17
Q

which cells that are transformed by two or more genes

A

cotransformed

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18
Q

What is the name of the small infectious agent that only replicates INSIDE the living cell of another organism

A

Virus

19
Q

Describe the genome of Virus

A

can be dna or RNA, single or double strand

20
Q

What does it means for a virus to be sometimes enveloped

A

it means they are wrapped in a small piece of the host cells’ membrane

21
Q

How does transformation work

A

a bacterium takes up DNA from the medium

22
Q

How do virulent phages reproduce

A

through lytic cycle and always kills the host cells

23
Q

An example of bacterial infection virus?

A

bacteriophage

24
Q

Which phage phages DNA integrates into bacterial chromosome where it remains as inactive prophage?

A

Lysogenic phages

25
Q

Lysogenic phages are also known as

A

Temperate phages

26
Q

Lytic cycle process

A
  1. The phage binds to the bacterium
  2. The phage DNA enters the host cell
  3. The host DNA is digested
  4. Phage DNA replicates
  5. The host cell transcribed and translates the phage, producing phage protein
  6. Assemble of new phage is complete. A phage encoded enzyme causes cell to lyse
27
Q

Lysogenic cycle process

A
  1. The phage binds to the bacterium
  2. The phage DNA enters the host cell
  3. The phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosomes and becomes a prophage
  4. The prophage is replicated as part of the bacterial chromosome. This replication can continue through many cell divisions.
  5. The prophage may separate from the chromosome and the cell will enter the lytic cycle.
28
Q

Which comes first lysogenic/ lytic cycle

A

lysogenic process then lytic cycke

29
Q

What are the steps in the CRISP-Cas immunity

A

1, Adaptation
2. Expression
3. Interference

30
Q

Does HIV retrovirus have a dormant phase

A

yes

31
Q

Characterictics of Retrovirus

A
  1. RNA genome
  2. Reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from RNA template
  3. HIV is an example
32
Q

What phases does a herpes virus have

A

latent and lytic phases

33
Q

Describe process of infection in herpes virus

A

Double stranded DNA enveloped virus
Infects epithelial cells, then associated sensory neurons
Viral latent phase is in neurons where viral is episomal
Varoety of factors reintiate lytic phase

34
Q

What type of strand is Influenza

A

Single stranded negative sense RNA genome

35
Q

Most cases of influenza A is divided into

A

hemagglutin (HA) and neuraminidase(NA)

36
Q

Mutation isn Influenxa can result in antigenic shift or antogenic drift

A

antigenic shift

37
Q

which replication is error prone

A

INfluenza

38
Q

What type of changes result in antigenic shift

A

big changes, more than one type of influenza virus infects a single cell producing hybrid virus.

39
Q

which animal harbor most viruses

A

Birds

40
Q

SWINE can be infected by?

A

bird and human strains

41
Q

Is there a reciprocal exchange of gene material in Conjugation

A

no, DNA is transferred only from donor to recipient

42
Q

Which type of continual change is new mutation continually introduced into the genome of each viral strain

A

antigenic drift

43
Q

Which type of change is major in which genetic material from different strains is combined in a process

A

Antigenic shift

Genetics (20 decks)

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