Psychopathology :)

Question 1

5 Eval points of Deviation from social norms

Answer 1

(+) easy to identify -e.g: stand out
(-)Social norms depend on context e.g: clothes
(-)S.N depend on historical context e.g: homosexuality
(-)S.N depend on subjectivity e.g opinion
(-)Cultural relativism

Question 2

5 Eval points of Failure to Function Adequately

Answer 2

(+) measure objectively through questionnaire
(+)Acknowledges importance of patients’ experience
(+)P.A used for diagnosis in DSM
(-) depends on circumstance e.g bereavement , most normal not to function adequately
(-) Some can function while suffering

Question 3

4 Eval points of Deviation from Ideal mental health

Answer 3

(+) Easy to identify beetween criteria and then work on with patients
(-) Cultural relitivsm- ionly meaningful in Western culture. e.g: Focus on the SELF
(-) demanding to meet all 6 criteria. Most people will fall short, so most people = abnormal?
(+) Focus on positives - mental HEALTH. Credible

Question 4

3 Eval points of statistical infrequency

Answer 4

(+) Quantitative method. Objective analysis
(-) Cut off point for abnormality subjectively decided. (changes depending on trait)
(-) some infrequencies are desirable e.g: iQ

Question 5

2 (+) of Cognitive expl to Depression

Answer 5

(+) R.s = Grazioli and Terry (2000)
(+)P.A = CBT change thought process and :. Behav.

Question 6

Grazioli + Terry R.S cognitive expl of depression
(2000)

Answer 6

assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after pregnancy. Found women judged to be high in cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer post-natal depression

Question 7

3 (-) of Cognitive expl to Depression

Answer 7

(-) R.Refuting = seligman, teach dogs to passively accept electric shock. = Learn helplessness

(-) Cause and effect. “faulty thinking” may be a result of depression

(-) Alt. expl = diatheses stress. Better as it acknowleges Nature + Nurture

Question 8

Cognitive treatments for depression 2 (+)

Answer 8

(+) R.S - March (2007) compared CBT with drugs. equal but better together
(+)Extremely practical.
quick, cheap, has positive outcomes. its economical and practical nature makes it the viable choice for many patients, mild to severe

Question 9

March et al (2007) R.S into CBT

Answer 9

compared effects of CBT with antidepressants and combination with 327 adolescents w depression

After 36 weeks, 81 % of antidepressant and CBT and then 86% of combination significantly improved. No side effects

Question 10

Cognitive treatments for depression 3 (-)

Answer 10

(-)Rosenwig, effectiveness mat be due to relationship between client and therapists, not the therapy. All psychotherapies are similar in this regard.

(-)REDUCTIONIST. Overemphasis on cognitions, fails to acknowledge situational factors. ((e.g: a patient living in poverty or suffering abuse needs to change their circumstances, any therapy emphasising cognition over circumstances can prevent this change. may demotivate people))

(-)may not work for extreme cases, requires MOTIVATION. Antidpressents can provide with motivation, so best used together

Question 11

2 (+) Behaviourist Expl of phobias

Answer 11

(+) R.S= Watson + Rayner = case study - Little Albert. conditioned Albert to fear rat. suggests phobia is to be learned ,increasing validity

(+) P.A e.g: phobias are learned so can be unlearned. = systematic desensitisation or flooding

Question 12

3 (-) of Behaviourist Expl of Phobioas

Answer 12

(-)Problem with R.s Little Albert case study

(-) Alternative explanations : evolutionary psychologists would say phobias are inherited -Adaptation to help us survive E.g: dark, questioning validity

(-)Menzie + Clarke - Only 2% of water phobias were result of direct conditioning

Question 13

2(+) of Behaviourist treatment of phobia :
Systematic Desensitisation

Answer 13

(+)R.s for SD = Gilroy, spiders effective on specific phobia. found 42 p.p were more relaxed at 3 month and 33 months after therapy

(+)SD= more ethical

Question 14

3 (-) of Behaviourist treatment of phobia:

Systematic Desensitisation

Answer 14

(-) Takes time, many sessions. Takes motivation. Not Appropriate
(-) Doesn’t work for everyone. people may not respond. Not effective for all
(-) Only works for some phobias e.g: one’s that are learnt. not appropriate

Question 15

Evaluation of Flooding

Answer 15

(+) Quicker than S.D
(+) R.S: e.g: Ougrin. Compared flooding to cognitive therapies.-> works better than other treatments -> Effective
(-) Unethical e.g: trauma -> not appropriate
(-) Not effective for all phobias e.g: ones that aren’t learned -> social phobias , not appropriate
(-) Depends on individual - Disabled people

Question 16

All A03 of Biological expl of OCD

Answer 16

(+)R.S= Nestadt - Twin studies. genetics 68%MZ, 31% DZ shared OCD
(-) Difficult to separate nature + nurture in twin studies
(+)R.S= Antidepressents increasing serotonin are effective in treating OCD :. serotonin has a role in OCD
(-)Cause + effect. OCD = low serotonin?
(+)P.A = Drugs

Extra. (-) Alt expl = Diathesis stress

Question 17

3 (+) Biological treatments to OCD

Answer 17

(+)R.S- soomro =compared SSRIs to placebos
(+)cost effective compared to psychological treatment
(+)non disruptive. can take drugs alone, no therapy. No time off work

Question 18

(+)R.s, soomro et al (2009).

Answer 18

compared SSRIs to placebos. all 17 studies showed significantly better results for SSRI. 70% of people bettered

Soomro SSRI Seventeen Studies Seventy%

Question 19

3 (-) of Biological treatments to OCD

Answer 19

(-) Side effects = indigestion, weight gain, visual problems
(-)Research may be biased, carried out by drug companies
(-)Reductionist. Doesn’t tackle psychological causes for OCD