authoritarianism

Question 1

what is democratic backsliding

Answer 1

te third wave of autocracy occuring in the modern world which ivolves countiers reveting back to authoritarianism

Question 2

Hungary example of backsliding

Answer 2

Oban in 2017 crated a ‘illiberal democracy’ of which they controlled the media and limites who go what seats in parliament but have elections still

Question 3

economic causes of the third wave

Answer 3

2008 financial crisis people have less faith in democratic governemnt to controll thier omney poeple want to take back control

Question 4

war on terror cause

Answer 4

democracy has been shown to nto respect human rights so why should we contue with them
waterboarding and guantanmo bay

Question 5

other causes of thrid wave fo autocracy

Answer 5

• rise in nationalism
• rise in populist leaders wanting to take the country back to the golden days
• voters feeling that democracy no longer works
• increase in alternative models that promote strength

Question 6

what are the featres of totalitarianism?

Answer 6

• one encompassing idelogy which explains everything and affects every social interaciton (like cmmunism in north korea)
• singe party leader who is charismatic
  mobilisationof support of leader
• state ownership of media
• violence and terror

Question 7

case study: cambodia exampl of totalitarianism

Answer 7

1975 pot set up a commmuist ditatorship wanting ot take the country back to its agrarian roots
25% of the population killed who resebled the ‘bourgeusis; like people who worse glasses

Question 8

difference between totalitarianism and Autocracy?

Answer 8

totalitarinism is idoelgoila and autocracy doesnt care about idelgoy as long as they have power

Question 9

what is a hybrid reigme

Answer 9

reigmes that have element of autocracy and democracy making them hard to fit into a category

ex. north korea is autocratic but has elections

Question 10

criticism of hybrid reigemes

Answer 10

the concept is to vague only descrbes a handfull of states

Question 11

case study angola as a hybrid reigemes

Answer 11

• after MPLa v UNITA parties had a civil war there was a transitionto democratic elections witha. new consittion
• in 2017 joalawrence taken power nad in 2022 he (possibly) lost an electionbutchanges ther esult

angola were heading towards democracy but have failed

Question 12

what are the main causes of authoritariansim?

Answer 12

• history
  -instutioal reasons
• social vlaues and clutre
• economic factors
• geopoliticla factors

Question 13

instiutional factors explained?

Answer 13

• countries wither had non existent or weak institutions and are used to having one man rule or a small group
• upon liberation countries want to getrid of colonialinsuttions that are nominally democratic

Question 14

culture cause of authoritarianism explained?

Answer 14

huntingtons clash of civilisations some countries cultures just dont allow for demcoracy

Question 15

geopolitical cause explained?

Answer 15

• duirng the cold war america just wanted countreis to be anti soviet, therefore autocratic countries got away with it and were even sponsered by the US as long as they were anti soviet
• after the civil war thesecountreis simply jsut adapted to more modern autocracies hidden by elections

Question 16

example of the republic of congo for geopoitical causes

Answer 16

• leader of congo supported whoever wuld give him money
• wehnthe soviet union fell he needed money so e held elections to loook democratic so that france would finaicially support them
• he stilll gets 90% of the vote

Question 17

example of single party reigme

Answer 17

vietnam:
the communist party maintain legitimacy through the leaders charisma, economic modernisation and the rueof law to make the ocuntry seem democratic

Question 18

example of a military reigeme

Answer 18

burma:
1962 ne win took power in a military coup andretained power throughoutthe 1990s through repression
in 2011 a turn to democracy began
in 2021 a coup brough the military back to power after anulling the elecgtion which the national league for democracy won on a landsalde

Question 19

example of a monarchichal reigme

Answer 19

saudi arabia who have ruled since 1932 and mainted due to leitimacy over oi and mecca and medina

Question 20

example of modern ‘dominant party reigemes’

Answer 20

people action party in singapore:
have elections but they do things suchas create minority majoirty counsitencies to dillute the oppositons voice and sometiems put enelcted people in parlaiemnt

Question 21

what are the two type sof modern autoratic regieme?

Answer 21

• competative:
  electiosna re held and the leaders cna potetianlly loose but chances are slim
• electoral:
• elections happen bt only to legitimate the reimege with no other competition

Question 22

what are gerhewski’s three pillars of authoritarian stability?

Answer 22

• legitmisation
• co-operation
• represssion

Question 23

list the historical types of authoritariansim

Answer 23

• single party
• military regimes
• monarchical reigemes

Question 24

what are dominant party reigmes?

Answer 24

• more modern from of authoritarinism:

are the colr dwar autocrcies transfromed to have parliaments whih hold elections that are manipluated in their favour

reigmes with one domiant party and controlled opposition like angola or rwanda

Question 25

what was linz’s classical defintion of authoritarainsim?

Answer 25

• political systems with limited political pluralism without a elaborate ideology but with destinctive mentalities, mobilisation

a leader or small group excersies power within formally ill defined lmits

Question 26

21st century definition of authoritarianism

Answer 26

glasius et al argues that it is:
- authoritarian reigemes do not have free and fair electins and violate freedom of expression, acccsess to information an freedom of association

Question 27

why do authoriatrain regimes need to develop?

Answer 27

authoritarian reigemes do not want to loose power as it tends to leader to their deaths (ghadafi) and its very rare for them to pass away natrually

therefore they need to modernise to secure legitmiacy

Question 28

what is authoritarian modernisation?

Answer 28

the idea that many countries have surpassed the $14,496 GDP limit that should makes countries democrcies but they continue to be autocracies
(such as Saudi, China ect)

this is becuase these reigmes have modernise and continue to legitimise their rule throught:

• economic growth that is rapid
• political modernisation

Question 29

how have authoritarin reigmes tries to reshape politics

Answer 29

by trying to join the UN human rights cuncil and stuff

Question 30

economic causes of authoritarianism

Answer 30

• democratic literature has states that once a countrysurpasses 20,000 per capita income they will become ademocracy. due to gaining a middle class

however countried like saudi arabiaand china have maintained their authoritain dominance after surapssingthis through legitmiation