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semester 1 > Immunology 2 > Flashcards

Immunology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Drainage of tissue
Absorption and transport of fatty acids and fats
Immunity

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2
Q

What aspect of the lymphatic system is responsible for circulation and production of lymphocytes?

A

Spleen, thymus and bone marrow

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3
Q

How is lymph fluid formed?

A

Lymph is the fluid that is formed when the interstitial fluid containing dissolved components of the blood enters the conduits of the lymphatic system.

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4
Q

How is the lymph pumped through the body?

A

Contractions of skeletal muscles

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5
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels carry their fluid?

A

Away from tissues

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6
Q

What is the name given to the smallest lymphatic vessel?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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7
Q

Why can’t fluid escape lymphatic vessels but it can enter?

A

The walls are composed of endothelium in which simple squamous cells overlap to from one-way valves

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8
Q

Where do both lymphatic trunks drain their fluid?

A

The blood circulatory system at the right and left subclavian vein

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9
Q

Where does Ab enter the blood from?

A

The lymphatic system

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10
Q

Where is the recognition phase of the adaptive immune system?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs, include lymph nodes, the spleen and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue.
Site of lymphocyte activation by antigens

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11
Q

Where do B cells and T cells originate and receive their training?

A

Primary lymphoid organs - the thymus and the bone marrow

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12
Q

Which part of the bone marrow can be considered lymphatic tissue?

A

The stem cells in the marrow from which lymphocytes develop, but not in the red bone marrow because there is no lymphatic tissue in the myeloid tissue (tissue which is able to form hematopoeisis

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13
Q

What is a thymocyte?

A

A t cell precursor

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14
Q

What is the epitone?

A

The part of the antigen that can be recognised

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15
Q

What is the main function of a spleen?

A

Acts as a filter

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16
Q

What is meant by white pulp in the spleen?

A

Small white spots consisting mainly of lymphatic nodules

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17
Q

What is red pulp?

A

Soft, red, blood rich tissue

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18
Q

What is the function of high endothelial venules?

A

They are specialised areas in blood vessels which allow lymphocytes in the blood to directly enter the lymph nodes. Although they do not allow backward passage of lymphocytes back into the blood

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19
Q

Where can you find lymph nodes?

A

Located at intervals along the route the lymph takes while being transported back to the blood

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20
Q

What is lymph separated into once it enters the lymph node?

A

B cells and T cells, the lymph node is a dating bar for antigen and lymphocyte

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21
Q

Where are the HEV found in lymph nodes?

A

On the incoming arterioles and outgoing veins

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22
Q

Give an example of the mucosal lymphatic associated tissue

A

Peyers patches - found in the small intestine - part of the secondary lymphoid tissue

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23
Q

How do peyers patches function?

A

M cells on peyers patches sample Ag from the lumen of the intestine and transport it to the peyers patch using endosomes. This sample then joins the lymph of the peyers patch and travels to the lymph node that drains the peyers patch

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24
Q

What type of tissue are tonsils?

A

Lymphoid tissue

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25
Q

What happens during exposure of naive lymphocytes to foreign antigens?

A

Some lymphocytes become memory cells - these cells are longer lived and are more responsive to their specific antigen (antibodies have a higher affinity for B cells)

26
Q

What does it mean to be immune?

A

Individuals who have encountered the pathogen and are protected from subsequent encounters are said to be immune.

27
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When an individual becomes immune to a pathogen without ever having to encounter it (transfer of serum or lymphocytes from an immune individual) - transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus

28
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Taking the antigens into the body by mouth or injection

29
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Giving someone the antibody for that infection - short lasting - doesn’t induce the body’s natural production of that antibody

30
Q

What type of immunity produces memory cells?

A

Active immunity, because passive immunity is not exposed to antigens

31
Q

How does the memory of the adaptive immune system increase the effectiveness of its response to a pathogen?

A

Immunological memory occurs in part because each exposure to a particular antigen causes an expansion in the clone of lymphocytes which react to that antigen. – Exposure to antigen means the body makes more lymphocytes which respond to that antigen, also makes memory cells which are more responsive to that type of antigen than naïve lymphocytes. B cells now produce antibodies that will bind to the antigen with much higher affinity – T cells now react faster

32
Q

What do B cells mature into?

A

Plasma cells

33
Q

What are B cells responsible for?

A

Antibody production

34
Q

What is the antigen receptor for the B cell?

A

Surface Immunoglobulin

35
Q

Explain what happens to B cells that recognise body antigen?

A
  1. Won’t colonially expand until communication with corresponding T cell - weaken and die
  2. Die by activation induced apoptosis
36
Q

What is the name given to any substance that is capable of making an immune response?

A

An antigen

37
Q

What is the epitope of an antigen?

A

The part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

38
Q

What is the fab region of an antibody?

A

The part of the antibody which is responsible for binding to the antigen. The V shaped part of a letter Y

39
Q

What type of bond exists in the antigen binding region?

A

Disulphide bond

40
Q

What is the lower region of an antibody called?

A

Fc region

41
Q

Where is the light chain portion of the antibody?

A

Inner lining of the V shape

42
Q

Where is the heavy chain portion of the antibody?

A

Surrounds the outside of the shape apart from where the light chain lies

43
Q

What is the variable region of an antibody?

A

The upper part of the strands on the Y shape

44
Q

What light chains can exist in a mammalian antibody?

A

One of two light chains kappa and lambda - they are however always identical

45
Q

Does light chain affect the immunoglobulin (antigen receptor surface of antibody)?

A

No

46
Q

Does changing the heavy chain affect the immunoglobulin?

A

Yes, they define the class of Ig

47
Q

Describe the meaning of the constant region of an antibody

A

Defines the class of antibody - so the same in every antibody of the same class

48
Q

What is the variable region of the antibody?

A

The part that differs between B cells, allowing antobodies collectively to bind to loads of different things

49
Q

How many types of heavy chain exist

A

5

50
Q

What are the 5 different types of antibodies and their functions?

A

IgM - good at fixing compliment and opsonisation
IgG- Good at opsonising
IgA - protects mucosal surfaces, resistant to stomach acid
IgE - Defends against parasites - responsible for anaphylactic shock
IgD - No known Ab function

51
Q

What is T cell dependant activation of a b cell?

A

T cell surface protein recognises the same antigen as the B cell - Signal is given by a newly formed cluster of b cell receptors, signal also given off by T cell

52
Q

When will independent activation of a B cell occur?

A

When a huge number or b cell receptors are clustered together by an antigen with a very large number of repeated epitopes

53
Q

What is the first antibody to be produced by an antibody?

A

IgM

54
Q

What influences the type of antibody the B cell produces as it matures?

A

The chemicals surrounding the area of infection

55
Q

How are antibodies able to bind to epitopes far apart on the antigen.

A

They are flexible

56
Q

Where can IgA be found?

A

In the gut

57
Q

Why does histamine cause a runny nose and watery eyes?

A

Fc region of Ige binds to mast cells. On second exposure to allergen the receptors are pulled together - chemicals inside the cell are released into the tissue - causes increase in the capillary permeability - causing fluid to escape

58
Q

How many antigens is each BCR specific to?

A

1

59
Q

What must happen to the BCRs before a signal is sent?

A

They have to cluster together

60
Q

Why is independent activation of B cells important?

A

T cells only recognise proteins, not all antigens are proteins

61
Q

How can compliment activate B cells?

A

Through binding to one of the compliment proteins in the membrane, the number of antigens needed to be bound decreases.

semester 1 (105 decks)

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