Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumour - swelling
Dolor - pain
Loss of function

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2
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A

Micro-organisms
Trauma
Chemical
Physical - extreme conditions (heat, cold, radiation)
Necrosis (dead tissue irritates adjacent tissue)
Hypersensitivity

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3
Q

What is the microcirculation?

A

Capillary beds (arterioles and venules)
Extracellular space including the fluid molecules within it
Lymphatic channels and drainage

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4
Q

What is oncotic pressure / colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Proteins exerted by proteins in the blood vessel plasma

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5
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid

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6
Q

What controls movement of fluid across membranes?

A

Starling forces

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7
Q

What are the three stages of inflammation pathogenesis?

A

Change in vessel radius
Change in the permeability of the vessel wall
Movement of neutrophils from the vessel to the extravascular space

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8
Q

What are the local changes in vessel radius in the Triple response?

A

Transient arteriolar constriction
Local arteriolar dilation
Relaxation of smooth muscle

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9
Q

What does the increased blood flow result in?

A

Heat - Calor
Redness - Rubor

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10
Q

Where does increased permeability occur?

A

Microvascular bed

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11
Q

What is exudation?

A

The process whereby plasma moves from the capillary to the extracellular space

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12
Q

What is exudate?

A

The fluid that is leaked - rich in plasma proteins (immunoglobulin and fibrinogen)

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13
Q

What are the results of exudation?

A

Oedema is formed - accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space

swelling - pain - reduced function

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14
Q

What effect does exudation have on the blood viscosity?

A

Increased viscosity - rate of blood flow slows down - stasis

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the blood flow in inflammation

A

RBC’s aggregate in the centre of the lumen, neutrophils found near the endothelium

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16
Q

What are the phases of emigration of neutrophils?

A

Margination (Neutrophil moves to endothelial aspect of lumen)
Pavementing - Neutrophils adhere to endothelium
Emigration - Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells

17
Q

What happens if there is a resolution of the acute inflammation?

A

Inciting agent is isolated and destroyed
Macrophages digest debris
Epithelial surfaces regenerate
Inflammatory exudate filters away
Vascular changes return to normal
Inflammation resolves

18
Q

What are the benefits to acute inflammation?

A

Rapid response to non-specific insult
Protection in inflamed area from cardinal signs
Neutrophils destroy organisms and denature antigen for macrophages

19
Q

Define diapedesis

A

Movement of blood cells outside the capillary.

20
Q

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration - pus
Organisation - tissue growth
Chronic inflammation