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fall semester 2022 :) > ecology quiz 4 <3 > Flashcards

ecology quiz 4 <3 Flashcards

1
Q

14.4 What does the Lotka-Volterra model assume?

A

The model of predator-prey interactions assumes mutual regulation of predator and prey populations

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2
Q

14.4 Link between the growth of predator and prey population is described by?

A

Consumption of prey

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3
Q

14.4 For predator population, what does cNprey represent?

A

regulation of population growth through reproduction

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4
Q

14.4 For prey population what does cNprey represent?

A

regulations of population growth through mortality

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5
Q

14.4 What 2 responses is the result of the regulation of predator population growth?

A

functional & numerical

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6
Q

14.4 Predator population growth depends on per capita rate….

A

at which prey are captured

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7
Q

14.4 Define predator’s functional response

A

change in rate of exploitation(consumption) of prey species by predators in relation to changing prey density

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8
Q

14.4 Increased consumption of prey results in…

A

increase in predator production

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9
Q

14.4 Define predator’s numerical response

A

change in size of population of predators in response to changes in density of its prey

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10
Q

14.5 What is the key factor influencing predators ability to regulate prey population?

A

the predators rate of consumption response to changes in prey population

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11
Q

14.5 Define Type 1 functional response

A

number of prey captures per unit time by predator - increases linearly with increasing number of prey

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12
Q

14.5 Type 1 is limited in…

A

description of predator to prey abundancee

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13
Q

14.5 Reasons for type 1 being limited?

A

a. assumes predators never become satiated
b. predators limited by handling time

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14
Q

14.5 Define Type 2 functional response

A

per capita rate of predation increases in decelerating fashion - reaching max rate at some high prey pop size

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15
Q

14.5 Value of Ne approaches asymptote is related to?

A

predators time budget

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16
Q

14.5 The two components for total amount of time predator spends feeding(T) is?

A
  1. time spent searching for prey (Ts)
  2. time spent handle prey once encountered (Th)
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17
Q

14.5 Total time spent feeding is?

A

T= Ts + Th

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18
Q

14.5 As prey abundance increase, number of prey captured during T…

A

increases (easier to find prey)

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19
Q

14.5 At high prey density, search time approaches ___ and predator is effectively spending all its time ____

A

0, handling prey

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20
Q

14.5 Define Type 3 functional response

A

rate of prey consumed is slow at first then increase in sigmoid fashion as rate of predation reaches maximum

21
Q

14.5 S shape curve for Type 3 can be due to…

A

predators search image

22
Q

14.5 Define search image

A

mental image of predators, enabling them to find prey more quickly and concentrate on common type of prey - way to recognize species as potential food item

23
Q

14.5 What is another face that results in Type 3?

A

relative abundance of different/alternative species

24
Q

14.5 Define switching

A

act of turning to abundant/alternative species - changing diet from less to more abundant prey species

25
Q

14.7 Time spent foraging must be ____ against other time constraints such as….

A

balance; defense, searching for mates, caring for young

26
Q

14.7 Define optimal foraging theory

A

tendency of animals to harvest food efficiently - selecting food sizes that supply maximum food intake for energy expended.

27
Q

14.7 Hypothesis is that natural selections favors ___

A

efficient foragers

28
Q

14.7 What do efficient foragers involve?

A

what food to eat, where and how long to search, how to search

29
Q

14.7 How are cost and benefits measured

A

a. benefits measured in terms of energy/nutrient gain (fitness)
b. cost measured in terms of time and energy expended in act of foraging

30
Q

15.1 Parasitism is a type of…

A

symbiotic relationship between organism of different species

31
Q

15.1 parasite ____ from host

A

benefits

32
Q

15.1 Parasites are ____ than their host and reproduce ___ ___ in greater numbers

A

smaller, more quickly

33
Q

15.1 Define infection

A

diseases condition arising when pathogenic microorganisms enter a body, become established, and multiply (heavy load of parasites)

34
Q

15,1 Define disease

A

outcome of infection

35
Q

15.1 Parasites are distinguish by size:

A

microparasites and macroparasites

36
Q

15.1 Define microparasites

A

any viruses, bacteria, protozoan, characterize by small size, short generation time, and rapid multiplication - often direct transmission but carries are used sometimes

37
Q

15.1 Define macroparasites

A

any parasitic worms, lice, fungi, those with long generation times, spread direct or indirect, may involved intermediate hosts or vectors

38
Q

15.1 Macroparasites ___ complete entire life cycle in single-host organisms

A

do not

39
Q

15.1 Direct vs Indirect

A

direct: host to host vs indirect: host & carries

40
Q

15.1 Parasitic plants can be _____ or ____ and its based on…

A

holoparasites or hemiparasites and based on whether they do photosynthesis

41
Q

15.1 Define hemiparasites

A

a parasitic plant that contains chlorophyll and capable of photosynthesis - connects host to xylem

42
Q

15.1 Define holoparasites

A

parasitic plant that contains no chlorophyll and is not capable of photosynthesis - it cannot exist without host plant; they rely on xylem and phloem for nutrients

43
Q

15.2 Define ectoparasites

A

parasite that lives in fur, feathers, or skin of host

44
Q

15.2 Define endoparasites

A

parasites that live within body of host - bloodstream, etc…

45
Q

15.2 Parasites of plants also ___ habitat

A

divide

46
Q

15.2 Major problem for parasites?

A

gaining access to and escaping the host

47
Q

15.3 Direct transmission can occur when?

A

when parasite is transferred from one host to another without involvement of intermediate organisms

48
Q

15.4 Some parasites are transmitted between __ by ____ or ____

A

host, intermediate organism, vector

49
Q

15.4 Examples of indirect transmission?

A

malaria parasites - transmitted to bloodstream by bite of infected female mosquito

mistletoes transmission is linked through seed dispersal - bird feces as they eat the fruit

fall semester 2022 :) (5 decks)

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