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Head and Neck > Intro to neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

2 main divisions of nervous system

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What is contained within CNS?

A

Brain
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

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3
Q

What is within PNS?

A

Cranial nerves (from brainstem)
Spinal nerves

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3
Q

What is the region sat on top of the brainstem known as?

A

Forebrain

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4
Q

What can the forebrain be split into?

A

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

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5
Q

What can the forebrain be divided into?

A

L and R hemisphere

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6
Q

What is contained within diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus (thalamus = one each side, round bulb structures)

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7
Q

What is beneath the forebrain?

A

Brainstem with cerebellum behind

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8
Q

3 parts of brainstem top to bottom

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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9
Q

When does the medulla become the spinal cord?

A

When it exits via foramen magnum

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10
Q

What is the cortex of the brain?

A

Outer layer
Grey matter - lots of cell bodies
Makes sulci and gyri

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11
Q

What is grey matter responsible for?

A

Conscious awareness of sensory info from periphery and motor functions originate here

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12
Q

What are sulci and gyri? What are their functions/

A

Sulci - depressions/dips (sulking)

Gyri - ridges, mini mountains

These increase SA of brain to allow more neurones

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13
Q

What is the white matter?

A

More internal than cortex, paler as contains axons from cell bodies in the cortex which are MYELINATED - so pale and fatty

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14
Q

What are the fissures within the forebrain?

A

Longitudinal fissure - seperates L and R hemispheres

2x lateral fissures (one each side)

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15
Q

How are the hemispheres separated into lobes?

A

By certain gyri, sulci and fissures

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16
Q

What seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe on each hemisphere?

A

Central sulcus

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17
Q

What separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe?

A

Lateral fissure

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18
Q

What separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

A

Parietal occipital sulcus/fissure

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19
Q

4 lobes of each hemisphere

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

20
Q

What is the white matter within the central brain above the thalamus? Circular shaped and connects both hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum - connects the two hemispheres together

21
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

Thin membrane which covers space under corpus callosum

Between the two cerebral hemispheres

Space is usually filled with CSF in life

22
Q

Orientation terminology neuroanatomy

A

Dorsal = superior (top of brain)
Rostral = anterior (nose side)
Ventral = inferior (under brain)
Caudal = posterior (back)

(as brain flexes 90 degrees)

23
Q

What shape is the pons of the brainstem?

A

Very round - bulb like

24
Q

Major functions of midbrain

A

Eye movement

Pupil reflex to light

25
Q

Major functions of Pons

A

Feeding - trigeminal nerve near here, this contains motor fibres for mastication

Controls sleep

26
Q

Major functions of medulla

A

Cardiovascular
Respiratory

27
Q

What happens if there is pathology eg tumour/stroke affecting brainstem?

A

Lots of motor and sensory neurones in 1 place - all motor needs to come down through brainstem, all sensory needs to come up

Very compact

Lots can be affected - cranial nerves located here

28
Q

What is the brainstem associated with closely?

A

Cranial nerves

29
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Voluntary motor control
Speech
Social behaviour
Impulse control
Higher cognition (eg planning/thinking)

30
Q

What is the key area within frontal lobe? What does it do?

A

Infront of central sulcus there is a precentral gyrus called
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

all voluntary motor control originates here

31
Q

What is parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Somatosensory perception (not main senses, eg temperature, vibration, touch)

Spatial awareness

32
Q

What special area is located with parietal lobe?

A

Behind central sulcus is post central gyrus which is called
PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

all these conscious somatosensory feelings originate here

33
Q

Special areas around central sulcus

A

Infront - Precentral gyrus aka Primary motor cortex

Behind - postcentral gyrus aka Primary somatosensory cortex

34
Q

What is temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Language
Emotion
Long term memory
Smell
Hearing
Taste

35
Q

What is occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual perception (sight)

36
Q

What is cerebellum responsible for?

A

Co-ordination and motor learning

37
Q

What can be visible of the temporal lobes with an inferior view of the brain?

A

Uncus - most medial part of temporal lobes (receive olfactory info)

38
Q

Significance of uncus of temporal lobe

A

When pressure increases intracranially, uncus can be pushed over tentorium cerebelli

This is known as uncul herniation

39
Q

What is the uncus close to?

A

Cranial nerve 3 - Oculomotor nerve
When uncul herniation occurs, this can be irritated/pushed against

40
Q

How can the primary motor and somatosensory cortex’s be represented with the parts of the body they work with?

A

Homunculus representation - man within brain

Head and neck are most lateral sections of cortex

Hands are between

Lower limbs and genitals are most medial part of cortex (near longitudinal fissure)

41
Q

How is are the primary cortex’s and the peripheral nervous system spinal nerves related?

A

If pain/weakness is perceived on one side, the area of the brain which processes this is CONTRALATERAL - opposite

eg if you have weakness in right arm, this can be caused by legion in left primary cortex

This is the same with somatosensory.

FOR SPINAL NERVES ONLY

42
Q

Where do the motor tracts for spinal nerves change and cross to supply the contralateral side?

A

Motor tract cross to contralateral (opposite) side at lower level of medulla.

These then synapse with motor neurones.

43
Q

What is this known as?

A

Spinal nerves have unicortical (supplied by one primary cortex on one side of hemisphere) contralateral control

44
Q

How is the motor pathway different for cranial nerves? (supply head and neck)

A

Cranial nerves also have contralateral control (eg if weakness is on right this can be caused by lesion in left primary motor cortex)

But they cross to other side at the level of the nuclei they communicate with

And some cranial nerves also have IPSILATERAL (same side) supply

45
Q

When is ipsilateral (same side) supply used for cranial nerves?

A

Contralateral is DOMINANT. But if injured, ipsilateral can take over to compensate as back up.

46
Q

Which system contralateral or ipsilateral is used more?

A

Contralateral is dominant

47
Q

What does this mean for cranial nerves?

A

They have dual cortical control - they have input from both primary cortexes but do not use ipsilateral (same side) unless contralateral is injured (its a back up)

Head and Neck (26 decks)

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