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geography > physical human evolving landscapes - paper 2 > Flashcards

physical human evolving landscapes - paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Population Density

A

The average number of people living in a square mile or square kilometer

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2
Q

Multiplier Effect

A

People or business move into an area, invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people.

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3
Q

Explain

A

Give reasons why

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4
Q

Describe

A

Tell me about

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5
Q

Urban Core

A

Most densely populated area of the uk. these are economic core regions of a country, e.g. London in the south east. people migrate to live and work there for the high potential incomes found here.

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6
Q

Rural Periphery

A

Areas away from the urban core. These areas have a low population density, older populations, lower incomes, high transport costs and an out-migration of younger people. Allerdale in the Lake District in Cumbria, NW England is an example.

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7
Q

Affluent

A

Higher income people

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8
Q

Low Population Density

A

This means that an area is rural with few people living per sq KM

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9
Q

Enterprise Zones

A

These are places where the UK government offers companies help with start up costs, reduced taxes on profits and access to super fast broadband

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10
Q

Globalisation

A

The ways in which countries become increasingly connected to each other through economic interdependence, trade, technology, international flows of investment, outsourcing and culture

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11
Q

Multicultural

A

Different ethnic groups live there

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12
Q

Ageing Population

A

This means that there is a high proportion of people living in a place of an elderly age

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13
Q

Depopulation

A

The decline of total population of an area

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14
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The movement of people from the inner suburbs to the outer suburbs

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15
Q

Decentralisation

A

Shift of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD to new areas

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16
Q

Retail parks

A

These are out of town shopping parks. They are built out of towns and near major roads. E.G. the Meadows.

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17
Q

Business parks

A

Areas for employment built outside of towns and cities and close to major roads

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18
Q

E – commerce

A

Where you buy goods online

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19
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

Where people leave towns and cities to live in the countryside

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20
Q

Re–urbanisation

A

Where people who used to live in the city and then moved out to the country or to a suburb, move back to live in the city

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21
Q

Brownfield sites

A

An area of disused and derelict land, normally located in urban areas that is available for redevelopment

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22
Q

Gentrification

A

High income earners move into rundown areas to be closer to their workplace, often resulting in the rehabilitation and regeneration of the area to conform with middle-class lifestyles

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23
Q

Studentification

A

Communities benefit from local universities which provide employment opportunities and a large student population which can regenerate pubs, shops and buy to let properties

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24
Q

Rebranded

A

To give a place a new brand and get rid of the old one E.G. the dome became the O2 Arena

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25
Q

Sustainable living

A

Where a resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment for present generations, but also for generations to come

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26
Q

Quaternary sector

A

Knowledge based jobs which normally include the use of technology
E.G. financial banking

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27
Q

Teleworking

A

When a company is not tied to any location. These are companies based in the new economy

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28
Q

Footloose

A

These are companies or industries that are not tied to one location and are found in the new economy

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29
Q

New economy

A

The growth in the tertiary sector since the 1980s

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30
Q

Free trade

A

The free flow of goods and services without tariffs

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31
Q

Privatisation

A

The change of ownership of services such as rubbish collection from the government (public sector) to the private sector, a company

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32
Q

TNCs

A

Transnational corporation – a business that has offices or factories in two or more countries

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33
Q

Infrastructure

A

Roads, railways, bridges, airports

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34
Q

Connectivity

A

How easy it is to travel or connect with other places

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35
Q

Cultural diversity

A

This means that a place has a wide range of cultural connections

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36
Q

CBD

A

Central business district – the centre of a town or city where you would mostly find shops and offices

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37
Q

Urban – rural fringe

A

Where a town or city meets the countryside

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38
Q

Migrants

A

People who move from one place to another inside a country

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39
Q

Ethnic segregation

A

Where people of a particular ethnic group choose to live with others from the same ethnic group

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40
Q

Multiple deprivation index

A

The government complies census data on incomes, housing, health and services. It helps to assess in which areas a community is deprived or poor

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41
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

Decreases activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to unemployment 

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42
Q

median

A

Order the data and then find the middle value. This divides the data into 2 halves

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43
Q

Mode

A

The number that appears the most frequently in the data set

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44
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest value

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45
Q

Quartiles

A

Dividing a list of numbers onto four equal groups – two above and two below the median

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46
Q

Quality of life

A

The overall well-being and happiness of a person this is determined by a large number of factors such as standard of living (how much you earn), access to healthcare, access to education, access to services, crime rate in an area, access to entertainment

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47
Q

Affordable housing

A

Cheaper housing that low income groups can afford to live in

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48
Q

Green space

A

Open space such as parks

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49
Q

Energy efficiency

A

Using less energy to perform the same task to produce the same result

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50
Q

Waste

A

Rubbish that is just thrown away, which could alternatively be recycled or reused

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51
Q

Accessibility

A

How easy something is to get to such as a place or in relation to being able to use services such as your GP

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52
Q

Dormitory town/village

A

Settlements in the rural – urban fringe where people live and leave each morning to commute to work in nearby towns or cities

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53
Q

Deprived area

A

An area that lacks wealth or services. It usually means a low standard of living for the people that live there

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54
Q

Diversification

A

When farms try to find other ways of earning money other than we just farming. Examples include opening a farm shop such as in Cornwall

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55
Q

Primary data

A

Fieldwork that you collect yourself

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56
Q

Secondary data

A

Data that has been collected by someone else

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57
Q

Quantitive data

A

This is about collecting numerical data

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58
Q

Qualitative data

A

These are non-numerical pieces of evidence collected, such as field sketches and photographs

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59
Q

Mean

A

The average of values in data. Add them all together and divided by the total amount of data

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60
Q

The U.K.’s core region case study is…

A

London, Southeast England

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61
Q

 The case study studied TNC in the UK is…

A

Virgin

62
Q

The rural periphery case study studied is…

A

Allendale, Lake District, Cumbria

63
Q

The decline of the old economy case study studied was…

A

Dinningtons coal mine in Yorkshire

64
Q

The rise of the new economy case study studied was…

A

London

65
Q

The accessible areas near London which are dependent on London and have a symbiotic relationship case study studied was…

A

Terling in Essex

66
Q

Economics and social change in rural areas case study studied was…

A

IT in Devon 

67
Q

Challenges facing rural areas case study studied was…

A

Cornwall

68
Q

New opportunities in rural areas bringing benefits and costs case study studied was…

A

Cornwall
(The Eden Project and tourist accommodation as well as farm shops)

69
Q

Northern powerhouse

A

A government policy linked to the development of major cities in the north of the UK.

(Financially,productivity,infrastructure) to potentially drive the economy.

70
Q

EU grants

A

Funds to help the poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU average

71
Q

Regional development grant

A

Grants and advice which help businesses start up in an area. Mostly target peripheral areas.

72
Q

Primary production

A

Acquiring raw materials, for example metals and coals which has to be mined, forested, farmed or fished for

73
Q

Secondary production

A

Manufacturing and assembling process, converting raw materials into components

74
Q

Tertiary production

A

Commercial services that support the production and distrubing process e.g. insurance, transport and advertising

75
Q

What are some factors which attract people which lead to dense populations

A

Good transport, places to work, mild climate, resources, low land

76
Q

What are some factors which don’t attract people to live in an area which leads to sparse populations

A

Dry conditions, isolated, poor transport links, few jobs, lack of resources, harsh climate

77
Q

What are the 6 UK urban cores

A

Glasgow, Birmingham, London, Newcastle, Liverpool, Manchester

78
Q

What are some positives of rural periphery

A

Attract people who want to quite a lifestyle for example when they’re tired
Perceived healthier lifestyle than living in a big city

79
Q

What are some negatives of the rural periphery 

A

Fewer job opportunities + universities
Lack of infrastructure
Lack of retail shops
Lower population density
Feeling isolated
Entertainment lacks

80
Q

Three reasons for population growth

A

Globalisation – revolutionising migration to the UK, knowledge economy needs highly skilled workers which cannot be provided by the UK
Net immigration – EU membership, anyone can move and work in any other member state
Birthrate – more women who are younger, in their 20s, choosing to have children as well as increasing overseas births of women who often have a higher fertility rate than UK born women

81
Q

Polish immigration benefits

A

Wide range of skills bought
Migrants increasingly help pay the UK economy
Hard-working, enthusiastic, skilled and flexible workers


82
Q

Polish immigration negatives

A

Increasing violence problems
Minimum wage costings as basic needs end up reducing their wage
Schools are put under pressure as well as hospitals

83
Q

Explain the Clark Fisher model

A

Talk about the preindustrial, which is where mainly primary sector was around with the beginning of the secondary and tertiary sector. Then move into the industrial and talk about how primary took a big decline and secondary began to grow slowly and tertiary climbed quite dramatically. Then moving to post industrial where primary almost stopped secondary get back down and tertiary grow up and quaternary entered 

84
Q

Give some Dinnington colliery mining facts 

A

Before: Manual skills needed, full or part time jobs, someone paid, well paid, mostly men sometimes women.
Now: Highly skilled, most wonderful time, permanent, £30,000 annually, both men and women

85
Q

What was the main reasons of the London Docklands cause of decline

A

Goods can be quicker transported by air,
dogs damaged by water,
unable to accommodate for large vessels to containerisation

86
Q

What was the London Docklands effects of decline

A

20,000 people lost their jobs
6% of Land was derelict and unused
Population fell by 20%
Unemployment was at 18%
Industries relied on Docks to export and import goods now cannot

87
Q

How were the London Docklands regenerated

A

Insuring house for all
Encouraging industries and commerce
Bringing that and buildings into use
Creating an attractive environment


88
Q

London Docklands physical regeneration facts

A

Over 800 hectares of urban development land and water acquired
 over 700 hectares of derelict land reclaimed within urban development area
Improving public transport system. Docklands light Railway and London City Airport

89
Q

London Docklands economic regeneration facts

A

Over £1,700 billion public sector investment
Employment increased by 150%
Over 40,000 new jobs created

90
Q

London Docklands social regeneration facts

A

Nearly 20,000 new homes completed
95% population growth
Over £100 million spent on education, training, support for industry, health and community programs, amenities and environment

91
Q

What were problems created with London Docklands regeneration

A

Locals are not trained enough and do not have the qualifications needed to do the office base well-paid jobs as well as local people often do the service type jobs and are usually in very low paid jobs which means the raise in flat or house prices has made area too expensive for locals to afford

92
Q

What are some advantages of knowledge economy teleworking/flexible working

A

Better health, people can take breaks
No commuting, less traffic congestion
Less sickness and absenteeism
Parents can work from home, save money on childcare
Suits disable people who don’t want to travel
Work varied hours easier
Better productivity

93
Q

What are some disadvantages of the knowledge economy teleworking/flexible working

A

Isolated from work environment
Less contact with colleagues
Overlooked from promotions
Difficult to motivate and organise workers
Work never disappears, it’s always around you

94
Q

Advantages of knowledge economy

A

High salaries and bonuses and other parts such as private healthcare as well as contract roles

95
Q

Disadvantages of the knowledge economy

A

Permanent roles & traditionally male dominated

96
Q

Advantages of old economy

A

Well-paid and permanent

97
Q

Disadvantages of old economy

A

Male dominated
Often dangerous, risk to health

98
Q

Advantages of TNCs

A

Provide jobs at headquarters
Larger workforces
Can locate workforce + base

99
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs

A

Most money goes to home country
Negatively impact political relationships
Government may get involved with business

100
Q

What helps London’s situation factor for growth

A

Bigger economy, bigger population
Bigger port
Time zone
Close to Europe
Trade by sea quickly

101
Q

What is London’s connectivity internationally

A

Second biggest airport in the world
Biggest airhub in the world
Eurostar

102
Q

What is London’s connectivity nationally

A

Fastest railway services
Major A roads, motorway links to London

103
Q

What is London’s connectivity regionally (compass directions)

A

Radio network (smaller roads)

104
Q

What are some CBD facts

A

Oldest part of the city
Mostly dense buildings used by knowledge economy to maximise limited space
Second and third CBD are shops
Royal Parks benefits the environment
U.K.’s worst air quality


105
Q

What are some wealthy inner suburb facts

A

Built in industrial revolution
Dense with large properties
Large old houses divided into flats
Varies between rundown and smart areas

106
Q

What are some poor inner suburbs facts

A

Built in industrial revolution
Densely built up, densely packed terraced housing
Newer flats replace in flats
More rundown but changing

107
Q

What are some outer suburbs facts

A

Late 20th century
Building density was lower almost everyone had a garden
Most of the residential, just see the edge of town
Environmental quality was better, you have your own garden

108
Q

What is Newham‘s ethnicity like

A

One of London’s most diverse boroughs with 30% white, 20% black and 39% Asian

109
Q

What is newhams income like

A

Low income

110
Q

What is newham‘s house in like

A

Mostly rented, 32% owned their own property, 35% privately rented, 32% from social housing

111
Q

What is newhams services like

A

Schools under pressure, due to high birth rate

112
Q

What is Newham‘s culture like

A

There is Mosques, churches for all races and beliefs, many Asian food shops and businesses

113
Q

What is lambeths ethnicity like

A

Diverse, 38% born out of the UK from 152 countries

114
Q

What is Lambeth‘s income

A

Low income area

115
Q

What is Lambeths housing

A

44% own their own, 20% rented privately, 34% social housing

116
Q

What is Lambeths services

A

81% ethnic backgrounds, 140 Languages spoken in schools and 1/2 of peoples English is second language

117
Q

What is Lambeths culture

A

Varies between black and white middle-class

118
Q

What is Richmonds ethnicity

A

One of the least of us boroughs in London, 85% white but a lot born overseas

119
Q

What is Richmonds income

A

Very high income area, averages £41,000 – almost double U.K.’s average

120
Q

What is Richmond housing like

A

Stable, affluent people buy expensive property. 69% own their own, 16% rented privately, 15% social housing

121
Q

What are Richmond services like

A

Less pressure on schools due to few children, high average in care homes

122
Q

What is Richmond culture like

A

Mostly white middle class

123
Q

Greenbelt

A

A ring of land maintained as parts, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of urban area

124
Q

Greenfield positives

A

Better access and less congestion
More room to expand
More attractive for workers
More space and larger Gardens 

125
Q

Greenfield negatives

A

More traffic on country roads
Less peace in countryside
Will drive wildlife away

126
Q

Brownfield negatives

A

Land has to be cleared of existing structures, costing money
More homes in town or city, traffic gets worse

127
Q

Brownfield positives

A

Making good use of wasted sites
Easier to get planning permission
Making an area look better

128
Q

4 reasons for why London has expanded

A

Increased divorce, needing more homes
Family size
Counter urbanisation
Suburbanisation

129
Q

4 Factors which have led to re urbanisation

A

Space for redevelopment
Investment from TNCs
Gentrification high income workers move in
Studentification from uni expansion so more students, think students need (clubs, homes, shops)

130
Q

What is an example of regentrification in sport

A

2012 Olympic Park was built in Stratford now used as West Ham‘s football pitch

131
Q

Regentrification in culture (music, art, films, dance)

A

2012 Olympic Park was built in Stratford now used as West Ham‘s football pitch and can also be used as a venue for a concerts

132
Q

What are some before rebranding facts for East London

A

Old housing, social problems, traffic, poor reputation, exam results

133
Q

After rebranding facts for East London

A

New public spaces, 890 homes built and sold, training for people to get jobs, spending on infrastructure, CCTV (reduced crime by 40%), new shops

134
Q

What are some sustainable city facts

A

Community links are strong
Sense of belonging
Waste is a resource and recycled
Lots of open space
Public transport rather than cars
Renewable resources
Walking and cycling a safe
More energy-efficient
Insure affordable housing exists


135
Q

Where is bedzed located

A

Wallington, London

136
Q

How many residents live in bedzed 

A

250 + 100 homes

137
Q

Facts about bedzed

A

Solar panels used
First zero carbon redevelopment
Sense of community
Sourced from local materials (35 miles)
Own on site water treatment plant and woodchip fuelled combining heat power plant
Thicker walls, more insulation
Green roofs, increasing heat and biodiversity
Reduce carbon footprint
Built on a brownfield site


138
Q

What are London’s main six problems

A

Transport, congestion zone
Employment, most workers can work from home some days however has a limit (doctor)
Affordable housing, minimal wage workers lose out
Energy-efficient housing, 45% that electric, 58% less water
Green spaces, housing demand, pressure on greenbelt
Recycling, reduce household waste by 10%

139
Q

Terling (London fringe) features

A

Five minute drive to a12 for London
English village
Services are struggling
Chelmsford just 7 miles away with services and jobs
Railway station is five minutes away to take people to London

140
Q

Why would businesses move out of London to go to Devon

A

East Devon – mainly rural – land is cheaper
East Devon – 42 train services to London (two hours long)
Met office is 3 km from airport
Met offices is 0.5 km from M5, junction 29

141
Q

What are some more facts about the Met office

A

New roads and infrastructure
Employers giving grants to help move homes

142
Q

Why is there pressure on housing for Devon due to the met office

A

Housing prices have exploded
Lack of Housing

143
Q

Why would the Met office move to Devon

A

Large land area, expand easy
 2/3 is natural beauty
170 miles but still accessible to London
Office is 3 km away from airport, flight easy

144
Q

Why is there pressure on leisure and recreation due to the Met office

A

Huge number of outdoor activities
30 minutes away from Dartmoor leisure
Large tourist industry
Good outdoor lifestyle

145
Q

What issues does Cornwall face

A

Very long county (140) , Transport is slow and no motorway
No large population centres
No knowledge economy to raise income
Much of employment is tertiary
Mainly tourist highs and lows

146
Q

Explain Cornwalls primary farming

A

Number of dairy cattle fell by 60%, created falling milk prices forcing farmers to give up

147
Q

 explain Cornwall primary fishing

A

Decline caused by overfishing in UK in EU boats

148
Q

Explain Cornwalls primary quarrying

A

Used to be 10,000 people working now only 1000 due to overseas work, leaving ugly wasteland

149
Q

Explain Cornwall primary mining

A

Used to be high price so worth mining, prices fell so did cornwalls industry

150
Q

West Cornwall Deprivation Facts

A

Lowest average income – £240 average versus London is £660. £7 an hour
High percent of elderly people
Few services – tourist highs and lows
Doctors open one morning a week
Hospitals is over 30 miles away
Education travel, 30 miles for six form
Index of multiple deprivation

geography (9 decks)

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