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Philosophy > Methods of Philosophizing > Flashcards

Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards

1
Q

Science devoted to the discovery of the proper method of acquiring and validating knowledge.

A

Epsitemology

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2
Q

Knowledge acquired true knowledge

A

Empiricist

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3
Q

Thinking with use of our Mind

A

Rationalist

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4
Q

Process of acquiring knowledge

A

Reality, Perception, Concept, Proposition, Inference

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5
Q

To know is to know something

A

Reality

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6
Q

Is our contact to reality though senses. Knowledge begins with our perceptual knowledge

A

Perception

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7
Q

we notice what is similar

A

concept

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8
Q

statement that express assertion or a denial

A

Proposition

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9
Q

providing arguments

A

Inference

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10
Q

group of Statements- one or two premises and a conclusion.

A

arguments

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11
Q

Is a clear awareness and understanding of something.

A

Knowledge

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12
Q

Comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true.

A

Knowledge

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13
Q

A product of question that allow for a clear answers provided by facts

A

Knowledge

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14
Q

Scientifically proven or proposition which are observed to be real.

A

Facts

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15
Q

statement about the world and reality that may or may not carry truth.
It is usually stated as short statement or sentences.

A

Proposition

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16
Q

Claims that required further examination to establish whether it is true or false

A

statement

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17
Q

In order to know whether the claim true or false it must undergo in the process of ______

A

verification

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18
Q

For science truth is something observable and ______

A

empirical

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19
Q

Knowledge is based on ______

A

experience

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20
Q

has various views that which can help us tackle concept of knowing the truth.

A

Philosophy

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21
Q

Philosophers emphasize ______ as a basis for determining truth

A

belief

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22
Q

“[‘True’] is a word we all understand, but if we try to explain it, we can easily get involved in a maze of confusion.”

A

Frank Ramsey

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23
Q

Physical faculties of seeking the truth by the human person

A

External and Internal

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24
Q

Seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching

A

External

25
Q

Memory, imagination, consciousness, and instinct

A

Internal

26
Q

Spiritual faculty of seeking the truth by the human person

A

Mind

27
Q

The goal of thinking is to know ________

A

the ultimate truth

28
Q

Four characteristics of the ultimate truth

A
  1. Resides in the intellect
  2. It is immutable
  3. It is absolute
  4. It is eternal
29
Q

The human person has two powers of the mind

A
  1. The intellect (universally true)
  2. The will (Universally good)
30
Q

Universally true

A

Intellect

31
Q

Universally good

A

Will

32
Q

Thinking and reasoning, making wise decisions, pursue truths of a higher order

A

The intellect

33
Q

conscience, moral decisions, action

A

The will

34
Q

A judgement, viewpoint, or statement that is considered to be subjective

A

opinion

35
Q

It is formed based on the person’s understanding, feelings, or desires about matters, topics, issues, or concerns

A

opinion

36
Q

Considered as the central figure of modern philosophy

A

Immanuel Kant

37
Q

“taking-something-to-be-true”

A

Furwahrhalten

38
Q

Three ways of Furwahrhalten

A
  1. Opinion
  2. Knowledge
  3. Belief
39
Q

Conscious acceptance of a claim without subjective or objective grounds/ foundation

A

Opinion

40
Q

Conscious judgement on the basis of both subjective and objective grounds

A

Knowledge

41
Q

Conscious acceptance of a claim on the basis of a subjective ground but without any objective ground

A

Belief

42
Q

among the three ways of furwahrhalten, opinion is the most _____

A

problematic

43
Q

It is neither subjectively or objectively sufficient

A

Opinion

44
Q

A form of preliminary judging

A

Opinion

45
Q

How to evaluate opinions

A
  1. Source
  2. Reliability
  3. Purpose
  4. Bias
  5. Assumption
46
Q

To evaluate a source, one must consider

A

a. reputation
b. audience whom it was intended for
c. whether authentic documents were provided as proof

47
Q

An idea or principle that a person accepts as true but makes no effort to prove or substantiate it

A

Assumption

48
Q

Two types of fallacies

A

Fallacies of relevance
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence

49
Q

An argument that contains a mistake in reasoning

A

Fallacy

50
Q

mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusion.

A

Fallacies of relevance

51
Q

mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises, though logically relevant to the conclusion, fail to provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusion.

A

Fallacies of insufficient evidence

52
Q

10 classifications of Fallacies of relevance

A

Personal attack, appeal to pity, attacking the motive, bandwagon argument, look who’s talking, straw man, begging the question, red herring, scare tactics, equivocation

53
Q

When an arguer rejects a person’s argument or claim by attacking the person’s character rather than examining the worth of the argument or claim itself

A

Personal attack

54
Q

When an arguer threatens harm to a reader or listener and this threat is irrelevant to the truth of the arguer’s conclusion

A

Scare tactics

55
Q

When an arguer attempts to evoke feelings of pity or compassion, where such feelings, however understandable, are not relevant to the truth of the arguer’s conclusion

A

Appeal to pity

56
Q

The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time

A

Appeal to Tradition

57
Q

When an arguer states or assumes as a premise (reason) the very thing he is seeking to probe as a conclusion

A

Begging the question

58
Q

Assuming a cause and effect relationship between related events

A

Cause-and-effect

59
Q

Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole

A

Fallacy of composition

Philosophy (3 decks)

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