unit 5 key terms

Question 1

subsistence agriculture (5.1)

Answer 1

goal is to grow enough food/ raise enough livestock to meet immediate needs of the farmer and his/her family

Question 2

commercial agriculture (5.1)

Answer 2

goal is to grow enough crop/ raise enough livestock to sell for profit

Question 3

intensive agriculture (5.1)

Answer 3

farmers/ranchers use large amounts of inputs to maximize yields

Question 4

extensive agriculture (5.1)

Answer 4

uses fewer amounts of the inputs and typically have less yields

Question 5

pastoral nomadism/nomadic herding (5.1)

Answer 5

practiced in arid and semi-arid climates by moving herds to different pastures within the territory and trading meet for crops with nearby subsistence farmers

Question 6

shifting cultivations (5.1)

Answer 6

farmers grow crops on a piece of land for 1/2 years and move when soils loses fertility

Question 7

plantation agriculture (5.1)

Answer 7

large commercial farm that specializes in one crop and is labor intensive, often exploiting law-wage labor

Question 8

mixed crop and livestock (5.1)

Answer 8

intensive commercial system showing interdependence between crops and animals, crops are eaten by livestock, manure is used as fertilizer

Question 9

grain agriculture (5.1)

Answer 9

used in drier regions to raise wheat, (spring wheat planted in spring, harvested in autumn / winter wheat planted in fall, harvested in summer)

Question 10

market gardening/commercial gardening (5.1)

Answer 10

fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants.

Question 11

dairy agriculture (5.1)

Answer 11

local farms that supplied products to customers in small geographical areas

Question 12

mediterranean agriculture (5.1)

Answer 12

practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigations

Question 13

livestock ranching (5.1)

Answer 13

the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area

Question 14

intensive subsistence (5.1)

Answer 14

labor and animal intensive, performed using low-paid human labor rather than machines

Question 15

1st agriculture revolution (5.3)

Answer 15

the origin of farming, marked by domestication of plants and animals

Question 16

hearths (5.3)

Answer 16

an area where major cultures began

Question 17

animal domestication (5.3)

Answer 17

raising animals for protection, work, transportation, or as a food source

Question 18

plant domestication (5.3)

Answer 18

using parts of stems or roots of existing plants to grow others, later becoming planting seeds

Question 19

independent innovation (5.3)

Answer 19

crops and animal domestication in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people

Question 20

diffusion (5.3)

Answer 20

the spreading of something more widely

Question 21

columbian exchange: from europe to america (5.3)

Answer 21

bananas, olives, onions, rice, sugarcanes, wheat, cattle, goats, horses, pigs, smallpox, malaria, measles

Question 22

columbian exchange: from america to europe (5.3)

Answer 22

potatoes, corn, chocolate, beans, cavasa, peanuts, peppers, pumpkins, squash, tobacco, tomatoes, turkeys

Question 23

enclosure acts (5.4)

Answer 23

a series of laws enacted by the british government to let landowners purchase and enclose land for their own use, making larger farms, more efficient production, and crops sold for profit

Question 24

norman borlaug (5.5)

Answer 24

started to create hybrid wheat, rice, and corn seedlings, general advances in plant biology, helping mexico being self-sufficient

Question 25

successful places for g.r. (5.5)

Answer 25

Mexico and South Asia

Question 26

unsuccessful places for g.r. (5.5)

Answer 26

Africa

Question 27

positive impacts (5.5)

Answer 27

higher yields, money for research and business, and food prices dropped

Question 28

negative impacts (5.5)

Answer 28

environmental damages, gender inequality, and economic obstacles

Question 29

bid-rent theory (5.6)

Answer 29

the distance-decay relationship between proximity to urban market and value of the land, closer to urban center, more valuable land

Question 30

capital intensive agriculture (5.6)

Answer 30

using expensive machinery and other inputs

Question 31

labor intensive (5.6)

Answer 31

large farms producing very large quantities of vegetables and fruits, often relying on low-paid migrant workers to tend and harvest crops

Question 32

factory farming: feedlots (5.6)

Answer 32

capital-intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters, bred and fed in a controlled environment

Question 33

aquaculture (5.6)

Answer 33

fish, shellfish, or water plants are raised in netted areas in the sea, tanks, or other bodies of water

Question 34

fallow (5.6)

Answer 34

plowed and harrowed but unsown to restore fertility

Question 35

double cropping (5.6)

Answer 35

planting and harvesting a crop twice or more times per year on the same piece of land

Question 36

intercropping multicropping (5.6)

Answer 36

when farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field

Question 37

monoculture (5.6)

Answer 37

one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on a piece of land

Question 38

monocropping (5.6)

Answer 38

continuous monoculture, except now it’s year after year

Question 39

transnational/multinational corporations (5.7)

Answer 39

corporations that operate in many countried

Question 40

vertical integration [horizontal corporation] (5.7)

Answer 40

the ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good

Question 41

economies of scales (5.7)

Answer 41

an increase in efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost

Question 42

commodity chain (5.7)

Answer 42

process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers

Question 43

carrying capacity (5.7)

Answer 43

the number of people that U.S. farmers can support given the available resources

Question 44

cool chains (5.7)

Answer 44

transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip

Question 45

supply chains (5.9)

Answer 45

all the steps required to get a product or service to customers

Question 46

interdependence (5.9)

Answer 46

connections among regions of the world

Question 47

luxury crops (5.9)

Answer 47

not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin

Question 48

colonialism (5.9)

Answer 48

the economic relationship between core countries and periphery/semi periphery countries

Question 49

neocolonialism (5.9)

Answer 49

the use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies

Question 50

fair trade (5.9)

Answer 50

an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming practices to close the gap of income of LCDs and MCDs

Question 51

government subsides (5.9)

Answer 51

public financial support

Question 52

infrastructure (5.9)

Answer 52

the roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. of a country

Question 53

land cover change (5.10)

Answer 53

the study of how land is used and the impacts of changing land use

Question 54

pollution (5.10)

Question 55

desertification (5.10)

Answer 55

alternation of the natural vegetation in arid areas causes fertile land to become infertile

Question 56

salinization (5.10)

Answer 56

salt from water used by plants remain in the soil, decreasing a plant’s ability to uptake water and nutrients, creating lower yields and makes soil useless

Question 57

terrace farming (5.10)

Answer 57

farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill, creating flat surfaces

Question 58

center-pivot irrigation (5.10)

Answer 58

watering equipment rotates around a pivot and delivers specific amounts of water, fertilizers, or pesticides to the field

Question 59

draining wetlands (5.10)

Answer 59

converted to agriculture or other land use

Question 60

deforestation (5.10)

Answer 60

the removal of large tracts of forest

Question 61

slash-and-burn agriculture (5.10)

Answer 61

all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place, ashes provide nutrients and land can be farmed for a few years

Question 62

pastoral nomadism (5.10)

Question 63

changing diets (5.10)

Question 64

role of women in agric. production (5.10)