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Body Logistics- Aboli > Glands introduction > Flashcards

Glands introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gland?

A

An epithelial cell or an aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

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2
Q

Endocrine glands (3 things)

A
  • Ductless
  • Secrete into bloodstream
  • Substances (hormones) affect target tissues
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3
Q

Exocrine glands (3 things)

A
  • Ducts
  • Secrete into location or region of the body
  • Secrete enzymes or lubricants
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4
Q

Examples of endocrine glands (4 things)

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Pancreas (islets of langerhans)
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5
Q

Examples of exocrine glands (6 things)

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Mammary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Sudoriferous glands (sweat)
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Lachrymal glands (eye)
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6
Q

Adenogenesis of exocrine glands (5 things)

A
  • Growth hormone received
  • Proliferation of cells occurs and EC protein degradation enzymes produced
  • Epithelial cells invade space created
  • Central cells die off to produce duct (canalicularisation)
  • Link to mother cells remained and significant amount of branching
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7
Q

Adenogenesis of endocrine glands (5 things)

A
  • Growth hormone received
  • Proliferation of cells and EC protein degradation enzymes produced
  • Epithelial cells invade space created
  • Produce angiogenic factors to stimulate blood vessel growth in and around epithelial cells
  • Link to mother cells broken via apoptosis and virtually no branching
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8
Q

How does branching occur?

A

Via reciprocal growth- one factor turned on when other is turned off

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9
Q

Simple tubular glands

A

Large intestine

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10
Q

Simple branched tubular glands

A

Stomach

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11
Q

Simple coiled tubular glands

A

Skin (eccrine)

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12
Q

Simple acinar/alveolar glands

A

Urethra of penis

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13
Q

Simple branched acinar/alveolar glands (2 things)

A
  • Stomach
  • Sebaceous glands
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14
Q

Compound tubular glands

A

Duodenum

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15
Q

Compound acinar/alveolar glands (2 things)

A
  • Pancreas
  • Mammary glands
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16
Q

Compound tubuloacinar/alveolar glands

A

Submandibular salivary gland

17
Q

What is a merocrine gland?

A

Fusion of vesicles with apical membrane (e.g. pancreas)

18
Q

What is an apocrine gland?

A

Partial loss of cytoplasm (e.g. lactating mammary gland, sweat glands in axilla)

19
Q

What is a holocrine gland?

A

Cells are released as a secretion (e.g. sperm in testis)

20
Q

2 types of merocrine secretion

A
  • Regulated: accumulation of secretory granules in large vesicles which are released upon stimulation
  • Constitutive: secretory product packaged into small vesicles and continuously released
21
Q

What ion does merocrine secretion require?

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

22
Q

How does sulphonylurea work in diabetics?

A

Binds to ATP-sensitive potassium channel and keeps it closed- mimics function of ATP

23
Q

What is released by breasts in apocrine secretion?

A
  • Fats (neonatal period)
  • Milk proteins and fats (lactation)
24
Q

Holocrine secretion mechanism (4 things)

A
  • Secretory cell gradually fills up with secretory granules
  • Cell organelles degenerate and cell dies
  • Plasma membrane breaks and contents (secretum) empties
  • Dead cells replaced by mitotic division of basal cells
25
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

The covalent attachment of sugars by enzymes to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

26
Q

Roles of glycosylation (5 things)

A
  • Aid protein folding
  • Prevent protein digestion by intracellular proteases
  • Prevent lipid digestion by intracellular lipases
  • Cell recognition (blood groups)
  • Role on cell to EC matrix attachment
27
Q

Transepithelial transport- transcytosis (4 things)

A
  • Aqueous channels: AA
  • Through bilayer: steroid hormones
  • Carrier proteins: thyroxine transport
  • Engulfed by endocytosis then released by exocytosis: cholesterol
28
Q

3 mechanisms for control of gland secretions

A
  • Hormonal: endocrine
  • Neural: only stimulus in salivary
  • Humoral (a substance which doesn’t have its own control): endocrine
29
Q

Neurocrine communication

A

A combination of neural and hormonal mechanisms (e.g. hypothalamus to pituitary)

Body Logistics- Aboli (6 decks)

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