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Body Logistics- Aboli > Endocrine glands > Flashcards

Endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior pituitary gland/adenohypophysis- location and hormones produced (7 things)

A
  • Base of brain
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • GH
  • Prolactin
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2
Q

Posterior pituitary gland/neurohypophysis- location and hormones secreted (3 things)

A
  • Base of brain
  • ADH/vasopressin
  • Oxytocin
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3
Q

Thyroid gland (3 things)

A
  • Anterior to trachea
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
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4
Q

Parathyroid gland (3 things)

A
  • Dorsal surface of thyroid gland
  • 4 glands, 2 pairs
  • Parathormone (PTH)
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5
Q

Adrenal glands (3 things)

A
  • Top of each kidney
  • Cortex secretes corticosteroids
  • Small amounts of androgens, oestrogen & progestin
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6
Q

Pancreas (3 things)

A
  • Left of and behind stomach
  • Digestive enzymes into duodenum
  • Insulin and glucagon
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7
Q

Glycoproteins and peptide hormones (5 things)

A
  • Made in advance
  • Dissolved in plasma
  • Receptor on cell membrane
  • 2nd messenger systems; may activate gene expression
  • Insulin, glucagon, prolactin, ACTH, PTH, gastrin
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8
Q

Steroid hormones (5 things)

A
  • Synthesised on demand
  • Bound to carrier proteins in blood
  • Receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
  • Transcription & translation factors
  • Oestrogens, androgens, progesterone, cortisol, glucocorticoids
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9
Q

Catecholamines (5 things)

A
  • Made in advance
  • Dissolved in plasma
  • Receptors on cell membrane
  • 2nd messenger systems
  • Adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine
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10
Q

Thyroid hormones (5 things)

A
  • Made in advance
  • Bound to carrier proteins in blood
  • Receptors on nucleus
  • Transcription & translation factors
  • T4, T3
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11
Q

Lipid hormones (5 things)

A
  • Synthesised on demand
  • Dissolved in plasma and bound to carrier proteins
  • Receptors on cell membrane
  • 2nd messenger systems
  • Thromboxanes, prostaglandins, endocannabinoids
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12
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce (2 things)?

A
  • ADH and oxytocin that travel to posterior pituitary through nerves
  • 6 hormones that travel via hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to anterior pituitary
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13
Q

What are portal systems (2 things)?

A
  • Blood passes through 2 sets of smaller vessels before returning to heart
  • Collects in portal vessels (portal veins) before entering veins
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14
Q

Clinical consequences of autoantibodies in thyroid gland (2 things)

A
  • Hyperthyroidism (low TSH, high T4 & T3)
  • Hypothyroidism (high TSH, low T4 & T3)
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15
Q

Parafollicular cells (6 things)

A
  • Neuroendocrine cells that migrate into thyroid during development
  • Produce thyrocalcitonin
  • Monitors plasma Ca concentrations and decreases Ca2+ levels
  • Independent of thyroid hormone synthesis
  • Major effect: inhibits osteoclast activity in bone
  • Minor effect: inhibits renal Ca and P reabsorption in tubular cells
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16
Q

Function of parathyroid gland (4 things)

A
  • Constantly monitor plasma Ca concentrations
  • Make PTH when conc. low
  • Bones release Ca, prevent loss by kidneys, absorb more from GI tract
  • Classical negative feedback loop
17
Q

Clinical consequences of parathyroid dysfunction (2 things)

A
  • Hyper/hypoparathyroidism
  • Affects digestive system, brain, muscles and bones
18
Q

Adrenal medulla- what does it contain? (3 things)

A
  • Contain chromaffin cells (modified neurones)
  • Secrete catecholamine
  • Act as post-synaptic neurones
19
Q

Adrenal cortex (3 things)

A
  • Zona glomerulosa: aldosterone
  • Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids
  • Zona reticularis: androgen precursors
20
Q

Stress response of adrenal glands (2 things)

A
  • ACTH binds to receptors in adrenal cortex
  • As chromaffin cells are equivalent of post-synaptic neurones, this is an example of neurocrine secretion
21
Q

Pancreas key features (4 things)

A
  • Acinar glands grouped into lobules
  • Many zymogen granules
  • Connected through many intercalated ducts to pancreatic duct
  • Joins with bile duct to make common bile duct
22
Q

Exocrine functions of pancreas (8 enzymes)

A
  • Trypsinogen
  • Chymotrypsinogen
  • Lipase
  • Amylase
  • Ribonuclease
  • Deoxyribonuclease
  • Gelatinase
  • Elastase
23
Q

Endocrine functions of pancreas (9 hormones)

A
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
  • Pancreatic polypeptide
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • Secretin
  • Motlin
  • Substance P
  • Ghrelin
  • Gastrin

Body Logistics- Aboli (6 decks)

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