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Anatomy Physiology 201 > Lecture Exam #3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major joint categories

A

Bony/fibrous/catilaginous/synovial

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2
Q

What is a bony joint

A

An immovable joint, when two bones ossify becoming one
- occurs in either fibrous or cartilaginous joints

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3
Q

What is a fibrous joint

A

Point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that cross the space between them & penetrate into another

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4
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint

A

2 bones are linked by cartilage

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5
Q

What is a synovial joint

A

2 bones are separated by joint cavity

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6
Q

What is the general anatomy of joints

A

Articular cartilage: ends of bones
Joint cavity: holds synovial fluid
Joint capsule: produce synovial fluid in the inner, cellular, synovial mem & forms space for the cavity & has fibrous outer capsule
Articular disc: forms pad between bones, not in all joints
Meniscus: in knee, cartilage does not entirely cross joint

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7
Q

What are the accessory structures associated with synovial joints

A

Tendon: bind muscle to bone
Ligament: bind bone to bone & merges with periosteum
Bursa: fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid
Tendon sheaths: elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon

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8
Q

What is range of motion

A

Degrees through which a joint can move

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9
Q

What determines range of motion

A

Structure of the articular surfaces at the end of bones

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10
Q

What are the names for axes rotation

A

Monoaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

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11
Q

Name classes of synovial joints and give example

A

Ball and socket: humeroscapular (only multiaxial)
Condyloid: metacarpophalangeal (biaxial)
Saddle: trapeziometacarpal (biaxial)
Plane: carpal bones (biaxial)
Hinge: humeroulnar (monoaxial)
Pivot: radioulnar (monoaxial)

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12
Q

Know the pics and motions of the joints.

A
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13
Q

What are other names for the skeletal muscle cell

A

Myocytes

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the skeletal muscle cells

A

Voluntary and striated

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15
Q

Anatomy of skeletal muscle cells

A

sarcolemma: outer layer
sarcoplasm: like cytoplasm
myofibrils: individual cylinders
multiple nuclei: purple bumps
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): blue veins
terminal cisternae: blue thick horizontal lines
t tubules: purple line in between ^
triad: made of t tubules & terminal cisternae

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16
Q

Differences between myofibers, myofibrils, and myofilaments

A

Myofilaments make up a myofibril and a bunch of myofibrils make up the myofiber

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17
Q

What is myosin

A

Makes up thick myofilaments, look like sperm with head poking out

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18
Q

What is actin

A

In thin myofilaments that connects with myosin during contraction

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19
Q

What are elastic filaments

A

Titin is a huge springy protein, prevent overstretching

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20
Q

What is a sacromere

A

Segment from z disc to z disc

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21
Q

What are accessory proteins

A

Aid in contraction

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22
Q

What accessory protein is involved in muscular dystrophy

A

Dystrophin

23
Q

What covers the active site when there is no contraction

A

Tropomyosin

24
Q

What holds the tropomyosin in place

A

Tropinin

25
Q

What “unlocks” troponin

A

Calcium

26
Q

What is a motor unit

A

One neuron innervates several muscle fibers

27
Q

What are differences between large and small motor units

A

Small: fine degree of control (3-6 fibers per neuron) ex: hands
Large: more strength than control (many muscle fibers per neuron) ex: back

28
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction

A

Point where a nerve fiber meets muscle fiber

29
Q

What is the chemical neurotransmitter used in NMJ

A

Acetylcholine

30
Q

What are action potentials

A

Quick up and down voltage shift from negative RMP (resting mem potential) to positive to negative again

31
Q

What goes on during each stage of electrically excitable cells

A
  1. Ion gates open in plasma mem.
  2. Na+ instantly diffuses down concentration gradient
  3. ^^ causes depolarization (inside of the mem. Becomes briefly positive)
  4. Immediately Na+ gates close and K+ gates open
  5. K+ leaves the cell due to sodium positive charge
  6. ^^ causes repolarization (loss of positive K+ ions turns mem. Negative again)
  7. Action potential causes another one to happen immediately in front of it
32
Q

What are the four phases involved in muscle contraction

A

Excitation
Excitation and contraction coupling
Contraction
Relaxation

33
Q

What goes on during excitation

A
  1. Nerve signals open voltage gated calcium channels in synaptic knob
  2. Calcium stimulates exocytosis of ACh from synaptic vesicles
  3. ACh released into synaptic cleft
  4. 2 ACh molecules bind to each receptor protein, opening Na and K channels
  5. Na enters shifting to positive, then K leaves which puts it back to negative
34
Q

What are contractile and regulatory proteins

A

Contractile: myosin and actin
Regulatory: tropomyosin and troponin

35
Q

What occurs in rigor mortis

A

Hardening of muscles and stiffening of body beginning 3-4 hours after death
- Ca activates myosin actin cross bridge but there is not ATP to cause relaxation

36
Q

What goes on during excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. Action potential spreads into T tubules
  2. Causes opening voltage gated ion channels in tubules & Ca channels in SR
  3. Ca enters the cytosol & binds to troponin
  4. Troponin-tropomyosin changes shape & exposes active sites
37
Q

What goes on during contraction

A
  1. Myosin ATP hydrolyzes to ADP + Pi which activates the cocking of myosin head
  2. Head binds to active site forming a myosin actin cross bridge
  3. Myosin head release ADP + Pi, pulling thin filament past thick (power strokes)
  4. Binds more ATP myosin releases actin and process is repeated
38
Q

What goes on during relaxation

A
  1. Nerve stimulation & ACh release stops
  2. AChE breaks down ACh & fragments reabsorbed into the synaptic knob
  3. Ca pumped back into SR by active transport
  4. Tropomyosin reblocks active sites
39
Q

What are immediate energy needs

A

Short intense exercise
Oxygen supplied by myoglobin first then quickly depleted, ATP derived from phosphate transfers (phosphagen system)

40
Q

What are short term energy needs

A

Anaerobic fermentation: enables cells to produce ATP in absence of oxygen, yields little ATP and toxic lactic acid, major in muscle fatigue
-Converts glucose to lactic acid
-Produces enough ATP for 30-40 seconds of maximum activity

41
Q

What are long term energy needs

A

After 40 sec or so of exercise, respiratory & cardiovascular systems “catch up”
- aerobic respiration (requires continual supply of oxygen) produces 36 ATP per glucose, efficient means of meeting the ATP demands of prolonged exercise

42
Q

What are the differences between type 1 and type 2 fibers

A

Type 1: slow oxidative, slow twitch, red
- abundant mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries, adapted for aerobic respiration and fatigue resistance
Type 2: fast glycolytic, fast twitch, white
- fibers well adapted for quick responses not for fatigue resistance, poor in mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries

43
Q

What are the histological characteristics & properties of cardiac cells

A

Striated, myocytes are shorter & thicker, one nucleus, involuntary, intercalated discs, mainly use aerobic respiration, auto rhythmic , contract in unison, highly resistant to fatigue

44
Q

What are the histological characteristics & properties of smooth muscle cells

A

Composed of myocytes that have fusiform shape, involuntary, one nucleus, no nervous stimulation, no striations, no sarcomeres, intermediate filaments

45
Q

What are the two types of smooth muscle cells

A

Multiunit: autonomic innervation similar to skeletal muscle, in arteries and pulmonary air ways, each unit contracts independently
Single unit: wide spread, most blood vessels, contain gap junctions, contract as one

46
Q

How does stimulation, contraction, and relaxation work in smooth muscle (calmodulin)

A

Stimulation: can contract without nervous stimulation, contract in response to chemical stimuli
Contraction: begins in response to Ca, binds to calmodulin on thick filaments
Relaxation: this and ^^ are slow compared to skeletal, latch bridge mechanism is resistant to fatigue

47
Q

What are other unique features of smooth muscle cells

A

Ability to contract against a stretched organ and peristalsis

48
Q

What are the two main parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

49
Q

What are the 3 steps of nervous system

A
  1. Sense organs receive information
  2. Brain and spinal cord processes this information
  3. Brain and spinal cord issue commands to muscles and gland cells
50
Q

What is CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings, enclosed by cranium & vertebral columns

51
Q

What is PNS

A

All nervous system except brain and spinal cord, composed of nerves and ganglia

52
Q

What are the divisions for PNS and what do they do

A

Sensory division: Carries signals from….
- somatic: from skin, muscles, bones, joints
- visceral: from viscera of thoracic & abdominal cavities, heart, lungs, stomach, urinary bladder
Motor division: carries signals from CNS to…
- somatic: skeletal muscles
- visceral: glands, cardiac/smooth muscle
Sympathetic: arouse
Parasympathetic: calming

53
Q

What are the three universal properties of neurons

A

Excitability, conductivity, secretion

54
Q

What are the three functional classes of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent): specialized to detect stimuli
Interneurons (association): receive signals from many neurons & carry out integrative fxn
Motor (efferent): send signals out to muscles & gland cells

Anatomy Physiology 201 (11 decks)

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