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Anatomy Physiology 201 > Final Lecture Exam > Flashcards

Final Lecture Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types on neurons

A

Multipolar (most common, in brain/spinal cord)
Bipolar (in retina)
Unipolar (sensory organs/spinal cord nerve)
Anaxonic (brain/helps in visual processes)

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2
Q

Describe axonal transport

A

2 way passage of proteins, organelles, and other material along an axon

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3
Q

Difference. Between anterograde and retrograde

A

Ante: movement down axon away from soma
Retro: movement up the axon to the soma

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4
Q

What do microtubules do

A

Guide materials along axon

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5
Q

What are the 6 diff glial cells

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes (form myelin sheath)
Ependymal cells (lines internal cavities, secrets cerebrospinal fluid)
Microglia (small, wandering macrophages formed by monocytes)
Astrocytes (supportive framework)
PNS: Schwann cells (envelope nerve fibers)
Satellite cells (surround neurosomas)

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6
Q

What are the differences between Schwann cells and oligodenrocytes

A

Schwann cells are in PNS, assist in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers and spirals repeatedly around a single nerve fiber, oligodenrocytes are in the CNS and form myelin sheaths anchored to multiple nerve fibers

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7
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier, internodes, and trigger zone

A

N.O.R.: gap between segments
Internodes: myelin covered segments from one gap to the next
Trigger Zone: the axon hillock and the initial segment (initiates nerve signal)

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8
Q

How do unmyelinated nerve fibers work

A

Travels up to 2 m/sec

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9
Q

How do myelinated nerve fibers work

A

Travels faster than unmyelinated

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10
Q

How do large nerve fibers work compared to small nerve fibers

A

Large work up to 120 m/sec while small work >/= 15 m/sec

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11
Q

What is the process of regeneration of nerve fibers

A

Needs regeneration tube in the PNS system

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12
Q

What is a regeneration tube

A

Formed by Schwann cells (PNS), basal lamina, and neurilemma near the injury

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13
Q

What is denervation atrophy

A

Muscle loss of nerve contact by damaged nerve

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14
Q

What are local potentials characteristics

A

Graded, decremental, reversible

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15
Q

What are action potentials characteristics

A

Follows an all or none law, nondecremental, irreversible

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16
Q

What is hyperpolization

A

When membrane potential becomes negative

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17
Q

What are the two types of refractory period and when do they occur

A

Absolute: from action potential to RMP
Relative: RMP to hyperpolarization

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18
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

The never signal seem to jump from node to node

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19
Q

What are pre and post synaptic neurons

A

Pre: 1st neuron in signal path, contains synaptic vesicles that have the neurotransmitter
Post: 2nd neuron, constrains proteins that fxn as receptors and ligand regulated ion gates

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20
Q

What are the four major categories of neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Amino acid neurotransmitters
  3. Monoamines
  4. Neuropeptides
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21
Q

What are the embryonic derivations of CNS (start with forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)

A

4th week they appear
5th week: forebrain divides into 2 (telencephalon/diencephalon), midbrain remains mescencephalon, hind brain divided into 2 (metencephalon/myelencephalon)

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22
Q

What’s the general structure of gray/white matter, Cortex, and corpus callusum

A

Gray: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, synapses, dull white
White: bundles of axons, lies deep to gray, pearly white
Cortex: made of gray matter, surface layer
Corpus Callosum: thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure

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23
Q

What is rostral and caudal

A

Rostral: toward forehead
Caudal: toward spinal cord

24
Q

What are the layer of meninges and their distinctive features

A
  • Dura mater: no epidural space, not attached to bone, layers separated by dura sinuses (outer periosteal: equivalent to periosteum of cranial bones, inner meningeal: continues into vertebral canal and forms dura sac around spinal cord)
  • arachnoid mater: transparent membrane
  • pia mater: very thin membrane that follows contours of brain
25
Q

What is meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

26
Q

What is the number of ventricles and where are they

A

Two lateral: one in each cerebral hemisphere
Third: single narrow medial space beneath corpus callpsum
Fourth: small triangular changer between pons and cerebellum

27
Q

What is the inerventricular foremen

A

Tiny pore that connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle

28
Q

What is the choroid plexus

A

Spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle

29
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct

A

Allows CSF to flow between third and fourth ventricle

30
Q

What are the functions of the CSF

A

Buoyancy, protection, chemical stability

31
Q

What is the blood brain Barrier

A

Protects blood capillaries throughout brain tissue
- consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls, astrocytes

32
Q

What is the blood CSF barrier

A

Protects the brain at the choroid plexus

33
Q

From rostral to caudal, what’s the order of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

34
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves (name/#/fxn)

A
  1. Olfactory, sensory: smell
  2. Optic, sensory: vision
  3. Oculomotor, motor: turns eyeball, lid, iris, lens
  4. Trochlear, motor: eye movement (top)
  5. Trigeminal, both: sensory nerve of face
    6.abducens, motor: eye movement (middle)
  6. Facial, both: motor nerve of face
  7. Vestibulocochlear, sensory: hearing
  8. Glossopharyngeal, both: swallow, saliva, gagging, respiration
  9. Vagus, both: swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera
  10. Accessory, motor: swallowing, head, neck, shoulder movement
  11. Hypoglossal, motor: tongue for speech, swallowing, food manipulation
35
Q

Where does an epidural take place and when is it given

A

In the dura mater (lumbar region) during labor

36
Q

What is spina bifida

A

Congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of spinal cord

37
Q

How is white matter divided in the spinal cord

A

Columns/funiculi: 3 pairs of white matter bundles -posterior (dorsal) -lateral -anterior (ventral)
Tracts/fasciculi: subdivisions of each column

38
Q

What are the ascending and descending tracts

A

Ascending: carry sensory info up the spinal cord
Descending: carry motor info down the spinal cord

39
Q

What is endoneurium

A

Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds EACH PNS nerve fiber

40
Q

What is perineurium

A

Wraps fascicles in PNS

41
Q

What is epineurium

A

Bundles numerous fascicles of PNS nerve (outermost layer)

42
Q

How many spinal nerves are there

A

31

43
Q

What is poliomyelitis

A
  • Caused by poliovirus
  • destroys motor neurons and anterior horn
  • signs: muscle pain, weakness, loss of reflexes
  • spreads by fecal contamination of water
44
Q

What is ALS

A
  • destruction of motor neurons and muscular atrophy and sclerosis
  • scars spinal cord
  • signs: difficulty speaking, swallowing, muscular weakness
  • no cure
45
Q

What are the layers in a nerve

A

Endoneurium
Perineum
Epineurium

46
Q

What is posterior (dorsal) root

A

Sensory input to spinal cord

47
Q

What is anterior (ventral) root

A

Motor output of spinal cord

48
Q

What is posterior root ganglion

A

Contains somas of sensory neurons carrying signals to spinal cord

49
Q

What are rootlets

A

6-8 in each root, attach to spinal cord and roots

50
Q

What is the anterior and posterior ramus

A

Anterior: innervates the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk
Posterior: innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back

51
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen

A

Where the two roots (posterior/anterior) go through to form spinal nerve

52
Q

What is threshold value

A

Value needed at trigger zone to form an action potential

53
Q

What is a synapses

A

When end of axon meets its target cell

54
Q

3 structures that make up the brain

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

55
Q

What is the cerebellum fxn

A

Monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination

Anatomy Physiology 201 (11 decks)

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