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midterms > EARTH SCIENCE > Flashcards

EARTH SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

 Gods and Goddesses created universe.

A

Greek Mythology

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2
Q

 Bible

A

Creation

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3
Q

 The universe was created to reveal the love and mercy of God. Life forms were created.

A

Theory of Creationism

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4
Q

 Believed that there was a supreme being who created the universe

A

Monotheistic Religions

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5
Q

 Believed that there are many Gods and the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun.

A

Ancient Egyptians

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6
Q

 Story about the creator god Mbombo or Bumba.

A

Central Africa

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7
Q

 Claims that it has no beginning or ending

A

Steady State Theory

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7
Q

 Same appearance over time and still expanding

A

Steady State Theory

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8
Q

 Matter is continuously created to form cosmic or celestial bodies

A

Steady State Theory

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9
Q

 13.7 billion years – approximate age of universe

A

Big Bang Theory

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9
Q

 Explosion/expanded

A

Big Bang Theory

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9
Q

 Infinitely hot and dense point

A

Big Bang Theory

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10
Q

 Universe is infinite

A

Big Bang Theory

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11
Q

 Albert Einstein- universe is infinite and a 4-dimensional sphere

A

Big Bang Theory

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12
Q
  • Much of the mass of the solar system is concentrated at the center and the angular momentum by the other planets
A

Large Scale Solar System

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13
Q
  • All planets are located at regular intervals from the sun
A

Large Scale Solar System

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14
Q
  • All planets revolve around the sun
A

Large Scale Solar System

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15
Q
  • As the distance of the planets from the sun increases, the period of revolution increases too
A

Large Scale Solar System

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16
Q
  • Innermost move faster, outermost most slower
A

Large Scale Solar System

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17
Q
  • planets rotate prograde
A

Small Scale Solar System

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18
Q
  • innermost planets are composed of materials that have higher melting points like silicates, iron, and nickel.
A

Small Scale Solar System

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19
Q
  • Outer planets are called “Gas Giants” because of the dominance of gas and their larger size
A

Small Scale Solar System

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20
Q
  • Smaller planets rotate slower due to thin or no atmosphere, higher densities, low content of volatiles, H, He, and noble gases.
A

Small Scale Solar System

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21
Q
  • Outer planets move faster due to thick atmosphere, low densities, and fluid interiors rich in H, He, and ices (H2O, ammonia, methane).
A

Small Scale Solar System

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22
Q
  • Earth’s interacting, physical, chemical, and biological processes.
A

Earth Systems

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23
Q

o Air. Gaseous part of Earth

A

Atmosphere

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24
Q

o Rock and solid surface

A

Lithosphere

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25
Q

o Liquid part of the Earth

A

Hydrosphere

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26
Q

o All living forms

A

Biosphere

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27
Q
  • Naturally occurring on the Earth
  • Inorganic solids with orderly crystalline pattern building blocks or rocks
A

Minerals

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28
Q

– quality and intensity of light reflected by the minerals
 Metallic – glossy
 Non-metallic – opaque

A

Luster

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29
Q

– over-all shape and growth pattern

A

Habit

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30
Q

– tendency of minerals to break smoothly or parallel

A

Cleavage

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31
Q

– tendency of minerals to break irregularly

A

Fracture

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32
Q

– color of the mineral

A

Color

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33
Q

– color of the mineral powder

A

Streak

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34
Q

– resistancy of the mineral from scratching
 Diamond – hardest mineral
 Talc – softest mineral

A

Hardness

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35
Q

– ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of the equal volume of water.

A

Specific Gravity

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36
Q

– Silicon and Oxygen

A

Silicates

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37
Q

– Sulfur combined with one or more ion

A

Sulfides

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38
Q

– Carbon and Oxygen

A

Carbonate

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39
Q

– Halogen combined with one or more ion

A

Halides

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40
Q

– Sulfur and Oxygen

A

Sulfates

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41
Q

– minerals that form as one element

A

Native Elements

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42
Q

– derived from cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Usually hard and crystalline

A

Igneous Rocks

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43
Q
  • Fast rate of cooling due to variance of Earth’s temperature and underneath. (granite, diorite, gabbro)
A

Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous Rocks

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44
Q
  • From solidified lava at or near the surface of the Earth. (rhyolite, andesite, basalt)
A

Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous Rocks

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45
Q
  • Consists of very small crystals formed through rapid cooling.
A

Fine-grained Igneous Rocks

46
Q
  • Consists of large crystals and likely formed far below
A

Coarse-grained Igneous Rocks

47
Q
  • Consists of large crystals embedded on a group of smaller crystals
A

Prophyritic Igneous Rocks

48
Q
  • When a molten rock is ejected by a volcano causing the lava to cool instantly
A

Glassy Igneous Rocks

49
Q

rocks that are formed at or near Earth’s surface.

A

Sedimentary Rocks

50
Q

formed below the surface of the Earth through metamorphism

A

Metamorphic Rocks

51
Q
  • Metallic and non-metallic
  • Can be classified according to the mechanism responsible for the concentration of the valuable substance
A

Mineral Deposits

52
Q

o Concentrated within the igneous body through crystal fractionation, partial melting, and crystal settling

A

Magmatic Ore Deposits

53
Q

o Concentrated by hot aqueous fluids

A

Hydrothermal Ore Deposits

54
Q

o Concentrated by chemical precipitation coming from seawater or lakes

A

Sedimentary Ore Deposits

55
Q

o Concentrated through gravity separation during sedimentary processes

A

Placer Ore Deposits

56
Q

o Accumulation through chemical weathering processes.

A

Residual Ore Deposits

57
Q

– to extract ore minerals that are close to Earth’s surface. Different types include open pit mining, quarrying, placer mining, and strip mining.

A

Surface Mining

58
Q

– to extract ore minerals from the ore body that is deep under the Earth’s surface.

A

Underground Mining

59
Q
  • The materials extracted are rocks composed of both ore and waste material. The extracted rocks will undergo process of separation
A

The Milling Process

60
Q

– first stage of controlled size reduction followed by grinding where the rocks are pulverized

A

Crushing and Screening

61
Q

– crushed rocks are submerged in liquid where the heavier materials sink

A

Heavy Media Separation

62
Q

– if it is magnetic, it will be separated from the waste material using a powerful magnet

A

Magnetic Separation

63
Q

– placed into an agitated and frothy slurry where some minerals and metals based on physical and chemical properties may either sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top

A

Flotation

64
Q
  • used for low-grade ore where the crushed rock is placed on a “leach pile” where cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped on top of the pile
A

Cyanide Heap Leaching

65
Q

flooding, erosion, subsidence, air and water pollution, damage to wildlife and habitat

A

Impacts of Improper Mining

66
Q
  • topsoil replacement
  • reintroduction of flora and fauna
  • neutralizing acidic waters
  • backfilling and sealing of abandoned underground mines
  • stabilizing the slope of impacted area to reduce erosion
A

Measures to mitigate harmful effects of irresponsible mining

67
Q

The rate or their formation is so slow that none could be formed over the course of human history. They are finite, and once extracted, depletion may follow

A

Non-renewable Energy Resources

68
Q
  • formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms
  • the age of the organisms and the resulting resources is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 500 million years.
  • contain high percentage of carbon
A

Fossil Fuels

69
Q
  • started forming 350 million years ago through the transformation of organic plant matter
  • a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occuring in rock strata
A

Coal

70
Q

86-98% pure Carbon and 8-3% volatile matter. It is an excellent fuel that is still used to heat homes.

A

Anthracite

71
Q

70-86% Carbon and 46-31% volatile matter. It is used to make coke, used in metallurgy

A

Bituminous Coal

72
Q

70-76% Carbon and 53-42% volatile matter. It is burned in industrial boilers

A

Sub-bituminous Coal

73
Q

65-70% Carbon and 63-53% volatile matter. A low-grade fuel with high moisture content that is used in industrial boilers.

A

Lignite

74
Q

consist of partially decomposed vegetation. It isn’t coal, it has a carbon content of less than 60% and is composed entirely of volatile matter.

A

Peat

75
Q

formed from the remains of marine animals and plants that lived millions of years ago

A

Oil

76
Q

formed from fossil remains. It is formed when the layers of decomposing organic material are exposed to higher temperatures and pressures generated within Earth.

A

Natural Gas

77
Q

Although the energy itself is considered renewable source, the material source used in nuclear power plant is not

A

Nuclear Energy

78
Q

energy generated from natural resources and can be replenished faster than fossil fuels and have lower environmental impact

A

Renewable Energy Resources

79
Q

biological plant and animal material was used as fuel for the generation of electricity, fuel, and heat.

A

Biomass

80
Q

power obtained from converting the kinetic energy of fast moving water into electricity

A

Hydroelectric Power

81
Q

the converted energy derived from the sun

A

Solar Power

82
Q

the energy harnessed from the flow of the air

A

Wind Energy

83
Q

energy harnessed from the heat coming from Earth

A

Geothermal Energy

84
Q

the leading renewable energy

A

Hydropower

85
Q

creates a large waterfall and stores enough water to supply the plant at all time. It also helps producing and storing energy, as well as helps to regulate flooding

A

Dam

86
Q

channels water from its natural environment to supply the dam reservoir.

A

Penstock

87
Q

that houses the turbines driven by the waterfall and the generator driven by the turbines

A

Powerhouse

88
Q
  • run-of-river plants
  • off-steam plants
  • pumped storage power plants
A

Types of Hydropower Plant

89
Q

separates the solids from the liquids. Solids are trapped in the screen while water flows through

A

Filtration

90
Q

allows solid particles to settle at the bottom

A

Sedimentation

91
Q

uses microorganisms to feed on organic contaminants

A

Activated Sludge

92
Q

the process of adding chlorine to prevent water-borne diseases

A

Chlorination

93
Q

uses UV light to disinfect and destroy bad organisms and stops their reproduction

A

Use of UV light

94
Q

a process where liquid aluminum is mixed with raw water

A

Coagulation

95
Q

The development of various kinds of machines following the industrial revolution resulted in major changes in the way agriculture is done.

A

Applied Technology

96
Q

Farming can degrade the top soil and lead to an increase in erosion.

A

Agricultural Depletion

97
Q

Grazing animals can remove large amounts of plant covers for an area. If too many animals graze the same land, once the tips of grasses and shrubs have been eaten, they will use their hooves to pull plants out by their roots.

A

Overgrazing Animals

98
Q

one of the most important barriers to erosion is plant life, as long-lived trees and other species put down roots that literally help hold the soil together

A

Deforestation

99
Q

Many mining techniques involve shifting large amounts of earth, such as strip mining or mountain top removal

A

Mining Operations

100
Q

Construction of building often begins by clearing the area of any plants or other natural defenses against soil erosion

A

Development and Expansion

101
Q

Humans also cause erosion through recreational activities, like hiking, and riding off-road vehicles. The area develops bare spots where no plants can grow.

A

Recreational Activities

102
Q

organic matter develops soil structure, improves water and nutrient- holding capacity of soil, and protects the soil.

A

enhance organic matter content of soils

103
Q

tilling helps in loosening surface soils, but too much off it can break up soil structure and speed up decomposition and loss of organic matter

A

avoid excessive tillage

104
Q

pesticides are deemed necessary, make sure to follow user instruction

A

Apply proper pest management

105
Q

Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together and there is reduced pore spaced between soil particles. It has a reduced rate of water infiltration and drainage

A

prevent soil compaction

106
Q

Bare soils are susceptible to wind, water, and other agents of erosion, so it is best to cover open soils with dried leaves or crop residue, collectively referred to as “mulch”

A

Maintain ground cover

107
Q

waste released from manufacturing plants, such as chemical plants, cement production, textile industries, metallurgical plants, etc.

A

Industrial Waste

108
Q

a liquid that has dissolved or entrained environmentally harmful substance

A

Leachate

109
Q

a source of hazardous elements, such as mercury, cadmium, PVC, solvents, acids, and lead

A

Electronic Waste

110
Q

excessive richness of nutrients can cause algal blooms, which can be detrimental to animal life due to lack of oxygen

A

Eutrophication

111
Q

pollution of water by silt or clay. It can have negative impacts on flora and fauna. It can cause smothering of filter feeders, as well as an increase in the turbidity of waters

A

Siltation

112
Q

excess use of fertilizers and pesticides. excess excrement from poultry and other livestock can cause eutrophication of bodies of water

A

Agricultural Waste

113
Q

waste generated from the exploitation of mineral resources

A

Mining Waste

114
Q

ground that is removed to extract the mineral deposit

A

Overburden Material

115
Q

water that has come to contact with oxidized rock or overburden that contains sulphide material

A

Acid Mine Drainage

116
Q

waste generated by hospitals and health care institutions

A

Biomedical Waste

midterms (5 decks)

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