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Human Anatomy > Upper Limb: Forearm Region > Flashcards

Upper Limb: Forearm Region Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: The radius is the laterally located long bone of the forearm.

A

True

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2
Q

Which of the following are considered important bony landmarks of the radius? Select all that apply.

Head
Trochlear notch
Styloid process
Carpal articular surfaces
Radial notch
Ulnar notch

A

Head
Styloid process
Carpal articular surfaces
Ulnar notch

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3
Q

Which of the following are considered important bony landmarks of the ulna? Select all that a apply.

Ulnar notch
Radial notch
Coronoid process
Greater tubercle
Tuberosity
Styloid

A

Radial notch
Coronoid process
Tuberosity
Styloid

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4
Q

Which of the following bones are found in the proximal row of carpal bones? Select all that apply.

Scaphoid
Trapezium
Lunate
Pisiform
Capitate

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Pisiform

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5
Q

Which structures articulate to form the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Head of the radius and radial notch of the ulna

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6
Q

True or false: The radioulnar joints are pivot joints that allow 1 degree of freedom: pronation and supination.

A

True

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7
Q

True or false: During the movement of pronation the radius will cross over the ulna.

A

True

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8
Q

True or false: The radiocarpal joint is a condyloid joint that allows one degree of freedom: flexion and extension.

A

False

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9
Q

Which tendons are easily palpated as they cross the anterior aspect of the wrist? Select all that apply.

Flexor capri radialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Palmaris longus
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Flexor capri radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis

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10
Q

True or false: The thickening of the antebrachial fascia across the anterior aspect of the wrist forms the flexor retinaculum.

A

True

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11
Q

Which muscles are contained in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm? Select all that apply.

Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator qadratus
Pronator teres
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Pronator teres
Palmaris longus

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12
Q

Which of the following muscles originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus? Select all that apply.

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor capri ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Palmaris longus

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor capri ulnaris
Palmaris longus

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13
Q

Which of the following muscles will insert onto a metacarpal bone? Select all that apply.

Flexor capri radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Pronator quadratus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Pronator teres

A

Flexor capri radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris

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14
Q

Which of the following muscles will flex the digits of the hand? Select all that apply.

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor capri radialis

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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15
Q

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A. Flexor carpi ulnaris
B. Flexor carpi radialis
C. Palmaris longus
D. Flexor pollicis longus

A

A

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16
Q

Which of the following structures forms the lateral border of the cubital fossa?

A. Imaginary line between epicondyles
B. Brachioradialis
C. Pronator teres

A

B

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17
Q

What structures travel through the cubital fossa? Select all that apply.

Terminal end of brachial artery
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Proximal parts of ulnar and radial arteries
Biceps tendon

A

Terminal end of brachial artery
Median nerve
Proximal parts of ulnar and radial arteries
Biceps tendon

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18
Q

Which of the following structures forms the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?

A. Cubital retinaculum
B. Medial epicondyle
C. Olecranon

A

B

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19
Q

True or false: The median nerve travels through the cubital tunnel.

A

False

The ulnar nerve does!

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20
Q

The median nerve travels between which two muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A. Pronator teres and flexor pollicis longus
B. Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
C. Flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus

A

B

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21
Q

True or false: The median nerve gives off a deep branch called the anterior interosseous nerve.

A

True

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22
Q

True or false: The ulnar nerve will provide motor innervation to the major of muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm.

A

False

It is the median nerve!

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23
Q

Which of the following nerves supply the skin of the anterior aspect of the forearm? Select all that apply.

Medial antebrachial cutaneous
Ulnar
Median
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous

A

Medial antebrachial cutaneous
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous

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24
Q

True or false: The common interosseous artery is a branch of the radial artery.

A

False

Branch of ulnar artery

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25
Q

True or false: The cubital anastomosis is formed by the branches of brachial, ulnar, and radial arteries.

A

True

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26
Q

Which of the following arteries contributes to the formation of the cubital anastomosis? Select all that apply.

Ulnar collaterals (superior and inferior)
Radial and medial collaterals
Recurrent interosseous
Anterior interosseous
Radial recurrent

A

Ulnar collaterals (superior and inferior)
Radial and medial collaterals
Recurrent interosseous
Radial recurrent

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27
Q

All of the following are true of the proximal radioulnar joint EXCEPT:

A. Its key ligament is the annular ligament which wraps completely around the head of the radius.
B. It is a synovial pivot joint
C. The joint allows for supination and pronation of the forearm
D. The joint articular the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius

A

D

D describes the distal radioulnar joint of the forearm.

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28
Q

True or false: In the anterior portion of the forearm, the superficial and deep layers are mostly innervated by the axillary nerve.

A

False

Median nerve innervates the superficial and deep layers of the forearm.
Axillary nerve innervates the deltoid and teres minor.

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29
Q

What muscles are part of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. Select all that apply.

Pronator quadratus
Palmaris longus
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator teres

A

Pronator quadratus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

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30
Q

What movement of the wrist is associated with ulnar deviation?

A

Adduction

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31
Q

What movement of the wrist is associated with radial deviation?

A

Abduction

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32
Q

True or false: All bones in the proximal row of the carpals contribute to the radioulnar joint.

A

FALSE

Only the Scaphoid, lunate, and triquitral bones; the pisiform is a sesamoid bone that does not articulate with the radius.

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33
Q

True or false: The radial head is proximal.

A

True!

And it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna

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34
Q

True or false: The ulnar head is proximal.

A

FASLE!

It is distal, closer to the wrist, and it articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius

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35
Q

If you have an injury to the anterior interosseous nerve, what would happen when the client goes to make an “OK” sign with their hand?

A

The DIP of thumb and PIP of digits would not be able to flex (would not be able to touch finger tips together)

DIP: distal interphalangeal joint
PIP: proximal interphalangeal joint

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36
Q

What are the 8 carpal bones from proximal to distal (lateral to medial)?

A

Proximal: Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Distal: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Remember: “Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle”

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37
Q

What is the name of the structure that separates the anterior and posterior structures of the forearm?

A

Interosseous membrane

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38
Q

What bones articulate with the radius to form the radiocarpal joint?

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

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39
Q

True or false: The distal radioulnar joint is formed by the articulations of the head of the radius with the radial notch of the ulna.

A

FALSE

Proximal radioulnar joint: Head of radius and radial notch of ulna

Distal radioulnar joint: Head of ulna and ulna notch of radius

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40
Q

True or false: The radius rotates over the fixed ulna.

A

True

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41
Q

True or false: The radiocarpal joint is a saddle type of synovial joint.

A

FALSE

Condyloid type

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42
Q

Which joint is formed by the articulations between the proximal and distal row of carpal bones?

A

Midcarpal joint (MC joint)

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43
Q

Which joint is formed by the articulations of adjacent carpal bones?

A

Intercarpal joint (IC joint)

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44
Q

What is a colles fracture?

A

Fracture of the distal end of the radius

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45
Q

What is a “pulled elbow”? How is this different from a dislocation?

A

Pulled elbow is also known as elbow subluxation; caused by sudden jerking of the upper limb while arm is pronated; causes a tear in the annular ligament and the radius will move distally out of ligament

If the radius moves laterally, that is a dislocation.

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46
Q

What are the important bony landmarks of the radius and ulna?

A

Radius: ulnar notch, radial tuberosity, styloid process, articular surfaces

Ulna: radial notch, styloid process, ulnar tuberosity, trochlear notch, coronoid process, olecranon

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47
Q

What ligament forms a ring that encircled the head of the radius?

A

Annular ligament

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48
Q

The median nerve innervates all the flexor pronator of the anterior forearm except which two muscles?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus (1/2 innervated by median and 1/2 ulnar)

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49
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the flexor pronators of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris

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50
Q

Which muscles make up the intermediate layer of the flexor pronators of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum suerficialis

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51
Q

Which muscles make up the deep layer of the flexor pronators of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitrum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

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52
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Pronator teres

ORIGIN: Humeral head-medial epicondyle of humerus; ulnar head-coronoid process of ulna

INSERTION: midway along lateral surface of radius

INNERVATION: median nerve

ACTION: pronates forearm and flexes elbow

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53
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Flexor carpi radialis

ORIGIN: medial epicondyle of humerus

INSERTION: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals

INNERVATION: median nerve

ACTION: flexes and abducts (radially deviates) wrist joint

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54
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Palmaris longus

ORIGIN: medial epicondyle of humerus

INSERTION: palmar aponeurosis

INNERVATION: median nerve

ACTION: flexes wrist and tightens palmar aponeurosis

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55
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Flexor carpi ulnaris

ORIGIN: humeral head-medial epicondyle of humerus; ulnar head-posterior border of ulna and olecranon

INSERTION: pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal

INNERVATION: ulnar nerve

ACTION: flexes and adducts (ulnar deviation) wrist

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56
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Flexor pollicis longus

ORIGIN: anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane

INSERTION: base of distal phalanx of thumb

INNERVATION: anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve)

ACTION: flexes interphalangeal (IP) joint primarily, and MP joints of thumb; can assist with wrist flexion

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57
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Flexor digitorum superficialis

ORIGIN: humeral head-medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna; radial head-superior half of anterior radius

INSERTION: bodies of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits

INNERVATION: median nerve

ACTION: flexes proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of digits; assists with wrist flexion

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58
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Pronator quadratus

ORIGIN: Distal 1/4 of anterior surface of ulna

INSERTION: distal 1/4 anterior surface of radius

INNERVATION: anterior interosseous nerve (Median nerve)

ACTION: pronates forearm; deep fibers bind radius and ulna together

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59
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Flexor digitorum profundus

ORIGIN: medial and anterior surfaces of proximal 3/4 of ulna and interosseous membrane

INSERTION: bases of distal phalanges of medial 4 digits

INNERVATION: medial part-ulnar nerve; lateral part-anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve)

ACTION: flexes distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint of digits; assists with wrist flexion

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60
Q

What are the important muscular landmarks of the proximal forearm?

A

Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres

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61
Q

What tendons can be seen crossing the anterior aspect of the wrist?

A

Flexor capri radialis, Palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis

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62
Q

Which muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm produce their actions on the radioulnar joints?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, prontaor teres, pronator quadratus

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63
Q

What is the only muscle in the anterior compartment of the forearm to act on the thumb?

A

Flexor pollicis longus

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64
Q

What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

A

Imaginary lie between epicondyles
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Brachialis
Supinator
Fascia and skin

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65
Q

What neurovascular structures transition through the cubital fossa?

A

Ulnar artery
Radial artery
Accompanying veins
Median nerve
Radial nerve (divisions into superficial sensory and deep branches)
Biceps tendon

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66
Q

What is the difference between the cubital fossa and the cubital tunnel in regard to location?

A

Cubital fossa: anterior
Cubital tunnel: medial aspect of elbow

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67
Q

What transmits through the cubital tunnel?

A

Ulnar nerve

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68
Q

What are the boundaries of the cubital tunnel?

A

Cubital retinaculum
Ulnar collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament)
Elbow joint capsule
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon

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69
Q

What two nerves supply motor innervation to the anterior forearm?

A

Median and ulnar nerves

70
Q

What two nerves supply sensory innervation of the anterior forearm?

A

Lateral antebrachial cutaneous (muscuolocutaneous nerve) - lateral aspect of forearm

Medial antebrachial cutaneous (from medial cord of brachial plexus) - supplies skin of medial aspect of forearm

71
Q

Blood supply to the forearm arises from which two main arteries?

A

Ulnar and radial arteries

72
Q

What are the key branches of the ulnar artery in the forearm?

A

Ulnar recurrent
Common interosseous: anterior and posterior interosseous, recurrent interosseous
Carpal branches

73
Q

What are the key branches of the radial artery in the forearm?

A

Radial recurrent
Carpal branches

74
Q

What is medial epicondylitis?

A

“Golfers elbow”; repetitive use of flexor pronators (anterior forearm muscles); gripping fingers, flexing wrist—symptoms include tenderness over the medial epicondyle, pain on the medial side of the arm, numbness or tingling in the 4th and 5th digits

75
Q

Pronator teres syndrome and anterior interosseous syndrome are two ____________ injuries or entrapment syndromes impacting this nerve’s distribution.

A

Median (nerve)

76
Q

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel; sensory and motor impairments in the distribution of the ulnar nerve

77
Q

Which muscles will the median nerve travel between as it courses through the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus

78
Q

Which muscles will the ulnar nerve travel between as it courses through the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris

79
Q

True or false: The movements that are possible at the radiocarpal joint include: flexion/extension; radial and ulnar deviation; and circumduction.

A

True

80
Q

Which of the following movements is possible at the carpometacarpal (CM) joint of the thumb? Select all that apply.

Radial and ulnar deviation
Opposition and reposition
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Internal and external rotation

A

Opposition and reposition
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction

81
Q

Which of the following ligaments provides support to the distal radioulnar joint?

A. Palmar radio-ulnar ligaments
B. Radial collateral ligament
C. Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments

A

A

82
Q

Which of the following ligaments prevents excessive radial deviation?

A. Radial collateral ligament
B. Ulnar collateral ligament
C. Palmar radiocarpal ligament

A

B

83
Q

Which of the following ligaments will prevent excessive wrist extension? Select all that apply.

Ulnar collateral
Dorsal radiocarpal
Palmar radiocarpal
Dorsal ulnocarpal
Palmar ulnocarpal

A

Palmar radiocarpal
Palmar ulnocarpal

84
Q

Which tendons form the anterior border of the anatomical snuff box? Select all that apply.

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor indicis

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis

85
Q

Which of the following muscles has an origin point from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus? Select all that apply.

Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digiti minimi
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor digitorum

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor digitorum

86
Q

Which of the following muscles will extend and radial deviate the wrist joint?

A. Supinator
B. Brachioradialis
C. Extensor carpi ulnaris
D. Extensor carpi radialis

A

D

87
Q

Which of the following muscles inserts into the extensor expansion of the 2nd digit (index finger)?

A. Extensor indicis
B. Extensor digitorum
C. Extensor digiti minimi
D. Extensor pollicis longus

A

A

88
Q

Which of the following muscles is a muscle of the deep layer of the forearm? Select all that apply.

Extensor carpi radialis longus
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus

89
Q

Which of the following muscles inserts onto the base of the first metacarpal bone?

A. Abductor pollicis longus
B. Extensor pollicis longus
C. Extensor pollicis brevis

A

A

90
Q

Which of the following tendons is contained in the 3rd dorsal compartment?

A. Extensor pollicis brevis
B. Extensor digiti minimi
C. Extensor pollicis longus

A

C

91
Q

Which compartment contains the tendons of the extensor digitorum and extensor indicis?

A

4th dorsal compartment

92
Q

Which ligaments prevent excessive ulnar and radial deviation, respectively?

A

Ulnar collateral ligament: limits radial deviation (abduction)

Radial collateral ligament: limits ulnar deviation (adduction)

93
Q

Which muscle tendons form the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Anteriorly: Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
Posteriorly: Extensor pollicis longus

94
Q

Which muscle of the posterior compartment produces elbow flexion?

A

Brachioradialis

95
Q

Which muscles of the posterior compartment are innervated by the PIN?

A

Superficial: Extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

Deep: abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis

96
Q

How many muscles of 9 posterior forearm muscles produce motions at the thumb?

A

3

97
Q

How many dorsal compartments contain more than one muscle tendon? Which compartments are they?

A

Three compartments; 1st, 2nd, and 4th compartments

98
Q

Which ligaments prevent excessive ulnar and radial deviation at the wrist respectively?

A

Ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments

99
Q

Which muscles of the posterior compartment produce elbow flexion?

A

1 - Brachioradialis; all others that act on the elbow produce extension!

100
Q

Which muscles form the part of the lateral boundary of the radial tunnel? Select all that apply.

Brachioradialis
Biceps
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

101
Q

True or false: The radial nerve will divide into a superficial and deep branch at the level of the cubital fossa.

A

True

102
Q

The deep branch of the radial nerve supplies which of the following muscles? Select all that apply.

Brachioradialis
Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

103
Q

Which of the following muscles are supplied by the PIN? Select all that apply.

Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor indicis
Abductor pollicis longus

A

All of the above!

104
Q

True or false: The superficial branch of the radial nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve.

A

False

105
Q

Which of the following nerves supplies the skin of the posterolateral aspects of the arm?

A. Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
B. Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
C. Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve

A

B

The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve supplies the posterolateral aspects of the forearm, whereas the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve supplies the posteromedial aspects of the forearm. The posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve supplies the skin along the midline.

106
Q

True or false: The posterior interosseous artery is a branch of the radial artery.

A

False

It’s a branch of the ulnar artery.

107
Q

Which of the following receives its blood from the radial recurrent artery? Select all that apply.

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

108
Q

What posterior forearm muscles make up the superficial layer?

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris

109
Q

What posterior forearm muscles make up the deep layer?

A

Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis

110
Q

Which is the only posterior forearm muscle to supinate the forearm?

A

Supinator

111
Q

Which is the only posterior forearm muscle to flex the elbow?

A

Brachioradialis

112
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Brachioradialis

ORIGIN: proximal 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

INSERTION: lateral surface of distal end of the radius (proximal to radial Styloid)

INNERVATION: radial nerve proper

ACTION: flexes elbow weakly; maximum action when forearm is in mid-position

113
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)

ORIGIN: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of the ulna

INSERTION: base of the 5th metacarpal

INNERVATION: PIN

ACTION: extends and adducts (ulnar deviation) the wrist joint

114
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Extensor digitorum (ED)

ORIGIN: lateral epicondyle of humerus and deep fascia of forearm

INSERTION: extensor expansions of the medial four digits (index to pinky)

INNERVATION: PIN

ACTION: extends the MP joint of the digits and secondarily extends IP joints; extends the wrist

115
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Extensor capri radialis brevis (ECRB)

ORIGIN: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

INSERTION: base of the 3rd metacarpal

INNERVATION: deep branch of radial nerve

ACTION: extends and adducts (radial deviation) the wrist joint

116
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)

ORIGIN: lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus

INSERTION: base of the 2nd metacarpal

INNERVATION: radial nerve proper

ACTION: extends and abducts (radial deviation) the wrist

117
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Extensor digiti minimi (EDM)

ORIGIN: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

INSERTION: extensor expansion of the 5th digit (pinky)

INNERVATION: PIN

ACTION: extends the MP joints of the digits and secondarily extends IP joints of the 5th digit; extends wrist

118
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Extensor indicis (EI)

ORIGIN: posterior surface of distal 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane

INSERTION: extensor expansion of 2nd digit (index)

INNERVATION: PIN

ACTION: extends MP and IP joints of index finger; assists in wrist extension

119
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Extensor pollicis longus (EPL)

ORIGIN: posterior surface of middle 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane

INSERTION: base of distal phalanx of thumb (dorsal aspect)

INNERVATION: PIN

ACTION: extends MP and IP joints of thumb; assists with wrist extension

120
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)

ORIGIN: posterior surface of the distal 1/3 of the radius and interosseous membrane

INSERTION: base of the proximal phalanx of thumb (dorsal aspect)

INNERVATION: PIN

ACTION: extends CM and MP joints of the thumb; assists with wrist extension

121
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Abductor pollicis longus (APL)

ORIGIN: posterior surface of ulna, radius, no interosseous membrane

INSERTION: base of the 1st metacarpal (lateral aspect)

INNERVATION: PIN

ACTION: abducts and extends the CM joint of the thumb; assist with wrist extension

122
Q

What muscle is this? Name its origin, insertion, innervation, and action.

A

NAME: Supinator

ORIGIN: lateral epicondyle of humerus; “supinator ridge” (below radial notch of ulna; posterior surface)

INSERTION: lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal 1/3 of radius

INNERVATION: deep branch of radial nerve

ACTION: supinates forearm

123
Q

The deep branch and PIN branches of the radial nerve are innervated by the root of which two spinal nerves?

A

C8, T1

124
Q

The deep muscles of the posterior forearm are all innervated by ___________ (except the supinator, which is innervated by __________).

A

Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN)
Deep branch of radial nerve

125
Q

What neurovascular structure is transmitted through the radial tunnel?

A

Deep branch of the radial nerve

126
Q

What are the boundaries of the radial tunnel?

A

Lateral: Brachioradialis, extensor capris radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis

Medial: Tendon of biceps, brachialis

Roof: radial recurrent vessels (leash of Henry) and superficial layer of supinator

Floor: joint capsule of humero-radial joint and deep layer of supinator

127
Q

The radial nerve supplies which two muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus

128
Q

The deep branch of the radial nerve supplies which two muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

Extensor carpi radialis brevis, supinator

129
Q

True or false: The superficial branch of the ulnar nerve supplies some muscles of the posterior forearm.

A

FALSE

It is purely sensory

130
Q

Which antebrachial cutaneous branch supplies the skin along the midline of the posterior forearm?

A

Posterior antebrachial cutaneous

131
Q

Which antebrachial cutaneous branch supplies the skin along the lateral aspect of the posterior forearm?

A

Lateral antebrachial cutaneous

132
Q

Which antebrachial cutaneous branch supplies the skin along the medial aspect of the posterior forearm?

A

Medial antebrachial cutaneous

133
Q

The radial recurrent artery supplies which four muscles? Which artery supplies all the others?

A

Radial recurrent supplies:
Brachioradialis
Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Posterior interosseous supplies all others

134
Q

True or false: the cubital anastomoses is formed by branches of the brachial and radial arteries only.

A

False

Brachial, radial, AND ulnar arteries

135
Q

What brachial, ulnar, and radial branches form the cubital anastomoses?

A

Brachial: ulnar collaterals (superior and inferior), radial collateral, middle collateral

Ulnar: ulnar recurrent (anterior and posterior), recurrent interosseous

Radial: radial recurrent

136
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis?

A

“Tennis elbow”; occurs with repetitive use of wrist extensors; causes tendonitis and inflammation around common origin of lateral epicondyle

137
Q

What is a key feature of a radial nerve injury?

A

Wrist drop

138
Q

Why is wrist drop seen with a radial nerve injury?

A

The wrist extensors are not working, so the wrist “drops” into flexion

139
Q

What is PIN syndrome?

A

Compressive neuropathy of the PIN; impacts nerve supply to forearm muscles. You’ll see weakness of finger and thumb extension, wrist extension, and wrist extension will be weak in radial deviation but NOT in ulnar deviation (because it’s a branch of the radial nerve)

140
Q

What is De Quervain’s syndrome?

A

Tendonitis and inflammation of the 1st dorsal compartment (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus); repetitive use from excessive extension and abduction of the thumb

141
Q

What is intersection syndrome?

A

Inflammation at the crossing point of the 1st and 2nd dorsal compartments; caused by repetitive use/wrist extension. There is pain over the dorsal forearm and wrist and tenderness on dorsal forearm near wrist.

142
Q

Where does the radial nerve divide into a superficial and deep branch?

A

Cubital fossa

143
Q

When does the deep branch of the radial nerve become the PIN?

A

After it penetrates the supinator muscle

144
Q

What branch of the radial nerve provides motor innervation to a majority of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

posterior interosseous nerve (PIN)

145
Q

What nerves provide sensory innervation to the posterior aspect of the forearm?

A

Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve

146
Q

Which arteries supply the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Posterior interosseous artery
Radial recurrent artery

147
Q

The extensor-supinator muscles of the posterior forearm are predominately innervated by:

A. Ulnar nerve
B. Radial nerve
C. Median nerve
D. Axillary nerve

A

B

148
Q

The flexor-pronator muscles of the anterior forearm are predominately innervated by:

A. Ulnar nerve
B. Radial nerve
C. Median nerve
D. Axillary nerve

A

C

149
Q

Which muscles of the flexor-pronator group are NOT fully innervated by the median nerve? Select all that apply

A. Flexor digitorum profundus
B. Flexor digitorum superficialis
C. Flexor carpi radialis
D. Flexor carpi ulnaris
E. Palmaris longus
F.Pronator teres

BONUS: What are they innervated by?

A

A and D

BONUS: Ulnar nerve (FDP is 1/2 by ulnar)

150
Q

Which muscles of the extensor-supinator group are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve? Select all that apply

A. Brachioradialis
B. Extensor carpi radialis longus
C. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
D. Extensor pollicis longus
E. Extensor pollicis brevis
F. Supinator

A

C and F

151
Q

Which muscles of the extensor-supinator group are innervated by the radial nerve proper? Select all that apply

A. Brachioradialis
B. Extensor carpi radialis longus
C. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
D. Extensor pollicis longus
E. Extensor pollicis brevis
F. Supinator

A

A and B

152
Q

The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?

extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis

A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment

A

B

153
Q

The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?

extensor digitorum, extensor indicis

A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment

A

D

154
Q

The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?

extensor digiti minimi

A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment

A

E

155
Q

The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?

abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis

A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment

A

A

156
Q

The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?

extensor pollicis longus

A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment

A

C

157
Q

The following tendon/s are a part of which dorsal compartment?

extensor carpi ulnaris

A. 1st dorsal compartment
B. 2nd dorsal compartment
C. 3rd dorsal compartment
D. 4th dorsal compartment
E. 5th dorsal compartment
F. 6th dorsal compartment

A

F

158
Q

Tendonitis of the 1st dorsal compartment is called…

A. Intersection syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. De Quervain’s syndrome

A

D

159
Q

Inflammation at the crossing of the 1st and 2nd dorsal compartments of the wrist is called…

A. Intersection syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. De Quervain’s syndrome

A

A

160
Q

The following describes which syndrome?

Compressive neuropathy of the radial nerve causing pain in the posterior forearm

A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome

A

E

161
Q

The following describes which syndrome?

Sensory impairments in the medial 1 and 1/2 digits; weakness of intrinsic muscles of the hand presenting as a clawing of the 4th and 5th digits

A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome

A

G

162
Q

The following describes which syndrome?

Sensory impairments of the lateral 3.5 digits; progressive loss of coordination and strength in thumb; pain and tingling of the hand

A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome

A

C

163
Q

The following describes which syndrome?

Weakness in finger and thumb extension and wrist extension weak in radial deviation

A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome

A

F

164
Q

The following describes which syndrome?

Pain and parathesia in the volar aspects of the elbow and forearm and in digits 1-3 and lateral 1/2 of 4th

A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome

A

A

165
Q

The following describes which syndrome?

Motor weakness impacting deep muscles of forearm; unable to pinch index and thumb

A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome

A

D

166
Q

The following describes which syndrome?

Sensory and motor impairments impacting the distribution of the ulnar nerve due to entrapment

A. Pronator teres syndrome
B. Cubital tunnel syndrome
C. Carpal tunnel syndrome
D. Anterior interosseus syndrome
E. Radial tunnel syndrome
F. PIN syndrome
G. Ulnar canal syndrome

A

B

167
Q

Label each of the following descriptions with YES or NO if they would be seen clinically with a median nerve injury at the elbow.

  1. Loss of sensory innervation
  2. Loss of supination
  3. Weakness of radial deviation
  4. Weakness of wrist extension
  5. Weakness of flexion of MP and IP joints
  6. Loss of thumb opposition
  7. Loss of ulnar deviation
A
  1. Yes
  2. No
  3. Yes
  4. No
  5. Yes
  6. Yes
  7. No
168
Q

Label each of the following descriptions with YES or NO if they would be seen clinically with an anterior interosseous nerve injury.

  1. Loss of extension of IP joint
  2. Loss of pronation
  3. Weakened pronation
  4. Loss of sensation
  5. Weakened MP and DIP flexion
A
  1. No
  2. No
  3. Yes
  4. No
  5. Yes
169
Q

Label each of the following descriptions with YES or NO if they would be seen clinically with a ulnar nerve compression at the cubital tunnel.

  1. Weak thumb flexion
  2. Loss of pinky opposition
  3. Weakness of wrist flexion
  4. Weakness of MP joint flexion
  5. Weakness of IP extension of 4th and 5th digits
  6. Weak ulnar deviation
  7. Weakness in finger flexion
  8. Impaired sensation of the hand
A
  1. No
  2. Yes
  3. No
  4. No
  5. Yes
  6. Yes
  7. No
  8. Yes
170
Q

Label each of the following descriptions with YES or NO if they would be seen clinically with a ulnar nerve compression at the ulnar canal.

  1. Weak thumb flexion
  2. Loss of pinky opposition
  3. Weakness of wrist flexion
  4. Weakness of MP joint flexion
  5. Weakness of IP extension of 4th and 5th digits
  6. Weak ulnar deviation
  7. Weakness in pinky flexion
  8. Impaired sensation in the hand
A
  1. No
  2. Yes
  3. No
  4. No
  5. No
  6. No
  7. No
  8. Yes

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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