Intro To Cartographic Principles

Question 1

What lays the framework for GIS?

Answer 1

Tools (hardware, software, and methods/algorithms.

Question 2

What does spatial data refer to?

Answer 2

“Where” lat/long

Question 3

What is known as related information?

Answer 3

Attribute data

Question 4

What are the operational definitions and who uses them?

Answer 4

Digital maps (the general public), tools for performing operations on geographic data (resource managers), computerized tool for solving geo problems (decision makers), inventory of spatially distributed objects (government ), and revealing patterns in complex geographic data (scientists).

Question 5

Is geographic the same as spatial?

Answer 5

No,geographic refers to info that relate to a location on the earths surface, and spatial describes some coord/ret system.

Question 6

What are some conceptual schemes for geographic data?

Answer 6

Discrete object view: world is empty except where occupied by objects w defined locations and boundaries.
Continuous field view: represents geo space through a finite number of variables, each one defined at every possible position.

Question 7

What is known as scale?

Answer 7

It refers to the scale of the map, or its representative fraction (NTS 1:250000)

Question 8

What kind of scale is preferable in cartography?

Answer 8

Large scale (large representative ratio) = large amount of detail.

Question 9

What are the aspects of scale?

Answer 9

Truth, fused, simplified, displaced, omitted, and exaggerated

Question 10

What do reference maps depict?

Answer 10

Form, relief, roads, boundaries and geological features.

Question 11

What are the types of thematic maps?

Answer 11

Choropleth maps, isopleth maps, continuous scale, dot maps, and gratuated symbols.

Question 12

What are the characteristics of a choropleth map?

Answer 12

Graduation in tones/shadings represents differences in the properties of non-overlapping areas (usually a formal region)

Question 13

What is known as spatially extensive data?

Answer 13

Data that is true for the whole area displayed on a map (e.g. population)

Question 14

What is known as spatially intensive data?

Answer 14

Data that is variable within an admin boundary (e.g. population density)

Question 15

What are the characteristics of an isopleth map (contour map)?

Answer 15

lines connect points of equal attribute value, good for generalizing based on point data.

Question 16

What are the three types of info displayed on isopleth maps?

Answer 16

Isobath (depth underwater), isobar (pressure), and isohyet (precip).

Question 17

What are the characteristics of a continuous scale map?

Answer 17

Good for representing point collection of contour variables, shading the depicts the magnitude of an attribute, and a color ramp.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of a dot map?

Answer 18

Each symbol represents the presence of some mapped feature, good for showing/finding spatial patterns in occurances.

Question 19

What are the characteristics of a graduated symbol map?

Answer 19

The symbol sizes represent a range of values.

Question 20

How are attribute data classified?

Answer 20

equal-interval, quantiles, natural breaks, and standard deviations.

Question 21

What is known as Equal-interval classification?

Answer 21

When data is split into equal ranges (x-axis)

Question 22

What is known as quantile classification ?

Answer 22

When data is placed into rank lists where each class has a scheme number

Question 23

What is known as natural break classification?

Answer 23

It’s when data is classified so that we minimize internal variation and maximize external variation.