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pmp-101 > Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Gene Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Gene expression

A

Cellular function

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2
Q

Which cell to be expressed?

A
  • necessary proteins must be synthesised at the proper time and place
  • all cells must regulate the synthesis of proteins from their DNA
  • Turn on a gene = gene expression
  • The regulation of gene expression conserves energy and space
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3
Q

turn on genes when required

A

more efficent

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4
Q

Turn on a gene

A

gene expression

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5
Q

Process or gene expression

A

1) take DNA from nucleus
2) double helix
3) unwind double helix - DNA polymerase
4) give RNA&raquo_space; protein

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6
Q

What to consider - importance

A
  • What cell?
  • Which chromosomes?
  • What part of DNA?
  • What protein?
  • How much protein?
  • For how long?
  • Where’s it going?
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7
Q

Everything starts with a _____ in cell biology.

A

SIGNAL

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8
Q

Cytoplasm: the process of DNA to degrated protein:

A
  1. Chromatin
  2. DNA
  3. RNA
  4. mRNA in nucleus
  5. mRNA in nucleus
    6.mRNA in cytoplasm
  6. Polypeptide (degradation of mRNA)
  7. Active protein
  8. Degradated protein
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9
Q

Define Epigenetics

A

process of turning genes off or on

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10
Q

Scilencing / supresing gene

A

gene NOT in action

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11
Q

Activation of gene

A

gene is turned on

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12
Q

histones

A

4 stacks of 2 - DNA tightly round the histones

all histones come together to form chromosomes

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13
Q

Gene cannot be expressed

A

Histone is bound too tightly to be READ by DNA polymerase

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14
Q

Unwind the gene

A

in results of +ive/-ive charges

enough unwinding for DNA polymerase to read to gene

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15
Q

Acetyl group bound to histone

A

Decrease attraction - DNA unwinds

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16
Q

ACETYLATION : When DNA unwinds

A

Open access - gene expression

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17
Q

DE-ACETYLATION : DNA tightly wound

A

Repression - DNA is locked tight
CANNOT be read
NO ACCESS to gene expression

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18
Q

Histone METHYLATION

A

The addition of a methyl group to a DNA strand

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19
Q

Low attraction unwind

A

Gene expression therefore DNA polymerase can get in to read codon

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20
Q

(can have) More than 1 methyl group

A

HYPERMETHYLATED (e.g 3 methyl groups on one histone)

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21
Q

Hypermethylated - traffic jammed

A

Cannot be read - no expression

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22
Q

More than 2 methyl groups:

A

CANNOT be expressed because there is no room for DNA polymerase to read it

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23
Q

Factors that effects epigenetics

A

DIET

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24
Q

Gene regulation - 3 stages

A

1) Transcriptional
2) Post-transcriptional
3) Translational

25
Q

Methylation of DNA (NOT histones)

A
26
Q

Adenin binds with…

A

Thymin

27
Q

Guanine binds with…

A

Cytocines

28
Q

DNA CAN be methylated:

A

No room for transcription factors - No gene expression

29
Q

Transcription factors examples

A

1) insulin
2) Testosterone
3) Oestrogen

30
Q

What are epigenetic mechanisms accected by

A
  • Development (in utero, childhood)
  • Environmental chemicals
  • Drugs/ Pharmaceutics
  • Aging
  • Diet
31
Q

Histone modification

A

The binding of epigenetic factors to histone “tails” alters the extent to which DNA is wrapped around histones the availability of genes in the DNA to be activated

32
Q

Chemical modification of chromatin… via histones

A

> Acetylation
De-Acetylation
Methylation

33
Q

Chemical modification of chromatic

A

> Methylation (only)

34
Q

What determines your eye colour

A

Alelles (from mother and father)

35
Q

Process of choosing eye colour e.g.

A
  1. Transcription factor comes into contact / sits on enhancer
  2. Has an activator binds to the transcription factor to form a complex
  3. Stimulates histone acetylation
36
Q

Promotor region

A
  • transcription factor stimulates the promoter region to initiate DNA helices for transcription
37
Q

Signal gene to stop expression

A

> Same eye colour
same gene
but now = Silencer
REPRESSOR binds to the silencer

38
Q

What follows after transcription:

A

Process of producing RNA

39
Q

Exones/ Intrones

A

Every other

40
Q

Splicosomes

A

RNA - Process of splicing
Splice the introns = left with ONLY the exons

41
Q

Exonucleases

A

Formation of mRNA

42
Q

How many A attached

A

ATLEAST 250 adenine

43
Q

How many times can mRNA translate

A

Try to make as much proteins as we can

44
Q

Formation of mRNA

A
  • Addition of 7 methyl guanine on 5’ and the polytail on 3’
  • prevents exonuclease from digesting
45
Q

RNA editing (1)

A

adenosine&raquo_space;> inosine

46
Q

RNA editing (2)

A

Cytosine&raquo_space;> Uracil

47
Q

translational regulation

A

Creating peptides

48
Q

Steps

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination (stop codon)
49
Q

Phenotype - Genetics

A
  • DNA sequence variations
    = Gene regulation
50
Q

Phenotype - Enviroment

A
  • Epigenetic modifications
    = Gene regulation
51
Q

Are epigenetic changes heritable?

A

YES

Mechanisms unknown

52
Q

Define Pharmecogenomics:

A

” The branch of genetics concerned with the way in which an individual’s genetic attributes affect the likely response to therapeutic drugs.”

53
Q

Rapid metaoliser

A

Functional alleles

54
Q

Poor metaolizer

A

Non-functional alleles

55
Q

Ultra rapid metaolisers

A

A lot of enzymes to break down…e.g codeine, morphine

56
Q

Codeine - 2007 announced he max amount of drug to be taken when pregnant

A

Mother was found in 2006 with high levels on codeine in breast milk

57
Q

Single polytide changes

A

affected gene

58
Q

Epigenome

A

= genotype but all of the chemical regulation

considering - setletion and methylation

pmp-101 (53 decks)

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