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Automatic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system divided:

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

Order of nervous system (responding)

A

CNS > Motor division (efferent) > Somatic nervous system / Automatic nervous system > Sympathetic division / Parasympathetic division

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3
Q

Order of nervous system (Sensing)

A

Sensor division (afferent) > CNS

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4
Q

Automatic internal environment

A
  • Mostly internal environment
    -mostly involuntary
    -controls visceral functions
    > circulation
    > digestion
    > excretion
    -Modulates endocrine function
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5
Q

ANS input (afferent)

A

Sensory neurones from peripheral organs to centres in hypothalamus, medulla

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6
Q

ANS output (efferent)

A

Sympathetic or Parasympathetic neurones
- organs innervated by both (often)
- generally opposing actions

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7
Q

afferent and efferent

A

May be Linked by reflex arcs

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8
Q

Visceral sensory neurones properties

A
  • Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch in the visceral organs
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9
Q

Symptoms

A

Brain interprets as hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, well-being

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10
Q

Visceral Sensory neurones location

A

> Receptors widely scattered – localisation poor (i.e. not easy to identify where pain originates)

> Visceral sensory fibres run together with autonomic (output) nerves

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11
Q

Outputs: What do ANS nerves control?

A

Mainly smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretory glands

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12
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Bronchioles
  • Iris
  • Digestive system
  • Bladder
  • Vascular system
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13
Q

Secretory glands

A
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Pancreatic islets
  • Salivary glands
  • Sweat
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14
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Control heart rate
  • Control contractile force
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15
Q

Communications:

A

Visceral sensory and autonomic neurones participate in visceral reflex arcs

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16
Q

What type of reflex?

A

Many are spinal reflexes such as defecation and micturition reflexes (long reflexes)

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17
Q

Any exemptions?

A

Some only involve peripheral neurones: spinal cord not involved (short reflexes)

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18
Q

Central Nervous system control of the Autonomic NS

A

Automatic control when processed in some regions

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19
Q

In what circumstances can voluntary control come into action?

A
  1. Control of breathing
  2. Heart rate

Some people can regulate some autonomic activities

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20
Q

Divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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21
Q

“All or nothing”?

A

No, always working together - reletionship

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22
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • ‘Fight or flight’
  • Short term survival
  • Generally increases energy availability/ capacity and usage e.g.
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23
Q

What are the results or sympathetic ANS?

A

Increase heart rate
Increase lung capacity
Increase blood flow to some skeletal muscles
Increase blood glucose

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24
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • ‘Rest and digest’
  • Long term survival
  • Generally reduces energy availability/ capacity and usage
25
What are the results or parasympathetic ANS?
Decrease heart rate Decrease lung capacity Increase blood flow to digestive system Increase fat/glycogen stores
26
Autonomic Nervous System: controlled by...
- Branches of both parasympathetic and sympathetic NS - Stimulation of the parasympathetic NS has broadly opposite effect to stimulation of the sympathetic in that organ (and vice versa)
27
Anatomical Differences and similarities in PNS and SNS
- where the nerves leave the NS
28
Where does parasympathetic (craniosacral) leave the brain?
- Just above the cervical - vagus nerve
29
Where foes sympathetic (thoracolumba) leave?
In the thoracic and Lumbar area
30
Differences
- Where nerves originate ( leave CNS) - Where the ganglia (cell bodies) are, ie where 2 neurons synapse - Differences in neurotransmitters and receptor subtypes
31
- 1st neurones - release acetylcholine to adrenal gland - releases adrenalin which rushes through system (to blood) - 2nd releases Norepinephrine
32
Adrenal gland is an exception
- Adrenal gland located: On top of kidneys - Adrenal medulla (inside part) is a major organ of the sympathetic nervous system - Synapse/ganglia in gland - Can cause body-wide release of epinephrine / adrenaline and norepinephrine/ noradrenaline in an extreme emergency (adrenaline “rush” or surge)
33
What are receptors?
> Protein structures that receive and transduce signals > Include ligand gated ion channel-linked (ionotropic) receptors > G protein-linked (metabotropic) receptors
34
Inotropic Receptors
- Binding site and channel combined - No second messenger - Rapid response
35
Metabotropic Receptors / GPCR
- Binding site not combined with a channel - 2nd messenger/GPCR - Slower response
36
Parasympathetic System
Rest & Digest Long term survival
37
PS: Parasympathetic sysytem : Generally reduces energy availability/ capacity and usage e.g.
Decrease heart rate Decrease lung capacity Increase blood flow to digestive system Increase fat/glycogen stores
38
Preganglionic nerves
cholinergic
39
Postganglionic nerves
cholinergic
40
Effector Neurotransmitter
ACETYLCHOLINE
41
Acetylcholine Receptors
1. Nicotinic 2. Muscarinic
42
1. Nicotinic
5 subunits 2 Ach binding sites (Skeletal muscle), autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla Ionotropic / ligand gated
43
2. Muscarinic
7-TM GPCR 3 subtypes M1 - brain, parietal cells (excitatory) M2 – heart (inhibitory) M3 - smooth muscle, glands, (excitatory)
44
Post-synaptic receptors (targets)
- Nicotinic ACH R - Muscarinic ACH R
45
SS: ‘fight or flight’
Short term survival
46
Generally increases energy availability/ capacity and usage e.g.
Increase heart rate Increase lung capacity (bronchodilation) Increase blood flow (vasodilation) to some skeletal muscles Increase blood glucose GI tract / bladder relax Increase adrenaline secretion from adrenal medulla
47
Preganglionic nerves
cholinergic
48
Postganglionic nerves
adrenergic
49
Effector Neurotransmitter
NORADRENALINE (NOREPINEPHRINE)
50
Post-synaptic receptors (targets
- Noradrenergic R - Muscarinic ACH R - Nicotinic ACH R
51
Adrenoceptors
- G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic) 2 types: alpha and beta - Respond to adrenaline, noradenaline - Noradrenaline/Adrenaline: Diverse actions depending on target - Depending on the downstream molecules that they activate - Post and Pre synaptically
52
Diverse actions of adrenoceptors
Sympathetic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation (muscle relaxation) – mostly beta adrenoreceptors LOOK AT BLUE CHART (page 24 auto NS)
53
Recap: Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
(1) the important receptors on the post ganglionic neuron and the effector cell and (2) the types of neurotransmitters used by the 2 neurones in each of the different parts of the autonomic nervous system
54
Summary of Autonomic NS
Organs have inputs from both PNS and SNS
55
Individual cells generally have inputs from both PNS and SNS
e.g. bronchial smooth muscle: Cells express receptors for both noradrenaline (beta 2 - dilation) and acetylcholine (M3 - constriction)
56
Autonomic: Smooth Muscle Neuro muscular junction. CONTROLS?
- Vascular smooth muscle - Bronchial smooth muscle - Intestinal peristalsis
57
Which neuron of the ANS makes contact w smooth muscle?
- Where the 2nd neuron of the autonomic NS makes contact with smooth muscle - Axons end with a series of swollen areas called varicosity contains vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.
58
Recap:
Autonomic NS Comparison Summary
59
Parasympathetic
Pupil constriction Decreased heart rate Bronchoconstriction Increased salivation Increased digestion Increased urination Increased defecation Stimulation of insulin secretion Usually dominant

PMP-101 (53 decks)

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