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PMP-101 > Cardiovascular system III - blood vessel & heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system III - blood vessel & heart Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

List three types of cardiovascular system:

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

Coronary

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2
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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4
Q

Can arteries handle pressure?

A

Yes, high pressure 90mmHg

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5
Q

Arteries structure:

A

1) Tunica Interna (intima)
2) Tunica Media
3) Tunica externa/adventia

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6
Q

1) Tunica Interna (intima) [A]

A

Flat layer, smooth Squamous endothelium-
Smooth flow of Blood

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7
Q

2) Tunica Media [A]

A

Thick layer, smooth muscle, contraction, elastic fibers

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8
Q

3) Tunica externa/adventia [A]

A

Thick layer, Elastic tissues- stretch in & out- handle the pressure (more in larger arteries)

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9
Q

Which one HAS valves?

A

Veins - directed flow

Arteries - pressure regulated so doesn’t require valves

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10
Q

Blood in arteries

A

Deoxygenated; 95% Sat.O2
Bright Red

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11
Q

Veins strutcure:

A

1) Intima
2) Externa

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12
Q

1) Intima

A

Endothelial layer

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13
Q

2) Externa

A

Smooth Muscle and elastic fibres

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14
Q

What is the middle of the arteries and veins called?

A

Lumen

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15
Q

Blood in veins:

A

75-80% Sat.O2
Dark Red

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16
Q

Pressure in veins:

A

Handle low pressure
~8-10 mmHg

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17
Q

Three types of Capillaries?

A

1) Continuous
2) Fenestrated
3) Sinusoids

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18
Q

1) Continuous

A

Smooth & skeletal muscle BBB- Very tight junction (restrict toxin exchanges)

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19
Q

2) Fenestrated

A

Intestinal villi, kidney glomeruli & endocrine cells
Higher permeability of larger biomolecules

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20
Q

3) Sinusoids

A

Red Bone Marrow & Liver
Huge molecules perfusion
Blood cells, proteins and wastes

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21
Q

Internal vascular structure:

A

Squamous (flat) endothelial cells is the first layer - close together

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22
Q

1) Continuous

If endothelial cells are close together it means there is less ______ between junctions:

A

gaps

[Restricted access]

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23
Q

There will only be gaps between junctions, this is called:

A

Intercellular cleft

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24
Q

2) Fenestrated - pores in cells

A

ONLY small molecules can pass - not big molecules like red blood cells

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25
3) Sinusoids - Endothelial cells are loosely packed
Red blood cells and metabolic toxins CAN pass
26
Liver process' bigger molecules; wrea Which type of capillaries help this process?
Sinusoids
27
Capillary Architecture -
can vary depending on type
28
Diameter or capillary:
200-400um (micrometer) Capillary walls are lined with endothelial cells (5-10 um in diameter) for smooth flow
29
Bundles of smooth muscles spread-out pre-capillaries - used for....
Used as a sponge - regulated by absorbing or releasing blood
30
Terms used for mechanism of Bundles?
Vasoconstriction Dilation
31
Sphincters (precapillary)
Vasotone-dilation - More blood into capillary (metabolic demand - Exercise)
32
What is the point of blood going through capillary
Exchange of molecules - e.g. losing O2 [if cells outside need O2]
33
Arteriole/Venule roles:
These are the smaller branches of arterie/vessel where blood come in out of capillary
34
Types of complex regulation:
a) Metabolic demand b) Hormonal c) Temperature and many others
35
Heart size:
14 cm long; 9 cm wide (fist of your hand)
36
Heart weight:
300 - 500 grams
37
Heart / Heartbeats:
70-100/min= 115000/day = ~3.5 billion in lifetime
38
Volume of blood pumped in a day:
9 L / 9000 mL
39
The heart structure: 1 Pericardium
Fibrous layer- provide elasticity and protects
40
The heart structure: 2 Pericardial cavity
filled with fluid shock adsorber
41
The heart structure: 3 Myocardium
cardiac muscle - contract and relax
42
What is the inner layer of the heart called?
4 Endocardium
43
Where do the veins come from?
Lungs
44
How many pulmonary veins are there?
4
45
Blood from pulmonary veins to>>>
Left atrium
46
Once heart in cotracted>>
Pumped out of left ventricle and out of aorta
47
What happens in the right ventricle?
pumping blood from your heart to your lungs, where the blood is replenished with oxygen
48
Vena cava
Superior - drains blood from head, neck Inferior -
49
What is the role of the left ventricle?
The left ventricle is responsible for then pumping the oxygenated blood around your body
50
Once blood is in left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped up to aorta through the...
aortic/Semi-lunar valve
51
Why is the left side of the heart got a thicker muscle tan the right?
The left side needs to pump oxygenated blood around the WHOLE body so needs to regulate a lot of PRESSURE the right needs to pump blood to lungs which is inferior (under - close) to the heart. Doesn't require a lot of pressure
52
1) Atrial kick
a) sideward kick b) upward kick
53
2) Cardiac twist
the twist makes sure maximum amount of blood is pumped out of the blood
54
LUBbDUBb... - heartbeat
it takes around 1-2s for heart to refill with blood [Delay]
55
Blood circulation
56
Blood flow in artery (pulsatile):
Cardiac output Pressure (high to low) Gravitational pull Length & Diameter of artery Blood viscosity
57
Hepatic portal system
The venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver (where raw nutrients in blood are processed before the blood returns to the heart)
58
Venous return - flow of the blood back to the heart’s right atrium
1) Calf/skeletal muscle pump (coordinated contraction of muscle) 2) Pulsatile arteries adjacent to vein complement the muscle pump/pressure and venous return 3) Respiratory (Thoracic) pump
59
Superficial veins;
are close to the surface of the skin - responsible for carrying blood in periods of intense strength training Contraction of skeletal muscle and pressure
60
3) Respiratory (Thoracic) pump - Intrpleural pressure
- Breath in: inspiration - Breath out: expiration
61
Breath In (inspiration)
Diaphragm compress abdomen cavity-Increase Pressure -push blood from abdomen cavity to thorax Reduced pressure in the thorax sucks the blood from the abdominal cavity into the thorax
62
Breath out (expiration)
Increased pressure in the thorax push the blood back in the heart Reduced pressure in the abdomen suck the blood from the lower part of the body
63
Pulmonary embolism is
a blocked blood vessel in your lungs
64
Varicose vein (chronic vein valve failure)
Swollen and enlarged veins – usually blue or dark purple – that usually occur on the legs Appearence; lumpy, bumpy and twisted
65
Coronary circulation:
Two tiny arteries leaving out the aorta Profuse blood to myocardium Handles high pressure (irrespective of heart contraction or relaxation)
66
Blockage leads to the major cardiac problem -
Heart attack
67
Coronary thrombosis -
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
68
Capillary Perfusion: Microcirculation
Arterioles carry high hydrostatic pressure = 30mmHg / Low onconic Venules carry low hydrostatic pressure = 10mmHg / High onconic
69
What moves out of the lumen?
O2, CO2 and other gases movement Nutrients Electrolytes Metabolic waste  Hormones, Cytokines
70
Why is the water potential increases within the lumen?
The protein is left in the lumen because t is too large to be defused out. Water then moves IN
71
Pressure that is created by a protein is called...
onconic pressure - osmotic pressure (because water tends to move = down gradient)
72
Autoregulation of perfusion:
- High O2/ Low O2
73
if O2 was Low;
High levels of: CO2 , potassium (K+) or hydrogen (H+) ions (acidic pH) Lactic acid (by-products of cell metabolism) Histamine (Inflammation) Body temp Stimulate endothelial cells to release NO > Vasodilation of precapillary
74
if O2 was high;
Low levels of: CO2 , potassium (K+) or hydrogen (H+) ions (acidic pH) Lactic acid (by-products of cell metabolism) Histamine (Inflammation) Body temp Stimulate endothelial cells to release endothelin (peptides) + Platelets secretions & prostaglandins >>> Vasoconstriction of precapillary Sphincters

PMP-101 (53 decks)

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