mock paper Flashcards
- What does this statement describe?
“These are used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups”
(a) Descriptive statistics
(b) Mean
(c) Median
(d) Inferential statistics
(d) Inferential statistics
What is thematic analysis?
Thematic analysis is for qual. Read data codes for pattens and meaning aka highlight certain words in diff colours organise codes into themes
- Thematic analysis does not include one of the following?
(a) Coding
(b) Familiarisation of data
(c) Defining them
(d) Measurements
(d) Measurements
- What are the key features of a survey design?
(a) High participation numbers, aims to answer questions on prevalence, distribution and interrelationships of variables
(b) Low participation numbers, aims to answer questions on reflexivity, relationship between participants
(c) High participation numbers, aims to not answer question on prevalence, distribution and interrelationships of variables
(d) High participation numbers, aiming to answer open ended questionnaires, to allow the analysis of only dependent variables
(a) High participation numbers, aims to answer questions on prevalence, distribution and interrelationships of variables
- What kind of bias is evident in an RCT, when those collecting the outcome data know which groups patients have been allocated to?
(a) Selection bias
(b) Performance bias
(c) Attrition bias
(d) Measurement bias
(d) Measurement bias
- How is clinical significance established at the outset of a research study?
(a) By ensuring a sufficiently large sample can be recruited
(b) By determining the minimum important difference that needs to be observe
(c) By agreeing the level of the p-value to be used when analysing the results
(d) By ensuring all patients can be followed up
(b) By determining the minimum important difference that needs to be observe
Clinical – the healthcare and patients decide if the intervention has an effect
Statically- clinical research with numbers and p-value has an effect
What is intention to treat analysis?
During evaluating all the participants are taken into account regardless of whether they finished the study or not. Eg. a study on student nurse experience at Plymouth uni. Drop out students would still be included in the evaluation and anaylsis
Once randomized always analysed
A: randomization remains and greater generalizability of results
- What is one of the main purposes of intention-to-treat analysis?
(a) To ensure the data analysis is valid
(b) To ensure the intervention and control groups are balanced
(c) To ensure that results are statistically significant
(d) To maintain original group composition achieved following randomisation
(d) To maintain original group composition achieved following randomisation
- What is the main purpose of random allocation?
(a) To promote internal and external validity
(b) To ensure the sample size is equal between groups
(c) To ensure the study is reliable
(d) To ensure the study is double blinded
(a) To promote internal and external validity
reliability vs validity
Reliability: results can be reproduced under the same conditions
Validity: refers to accuracy of a measure – results represent what they are suppose to measure
RCT- generalize findings
- What does the confidence interval represent?
(a) The actual magnitude of the results obtained in a study
(b) The statistical significance of the range of values obtained from a study
(c) The level of confidence that can be demonstrated about the results of a study
(d) The range within which the true value might lie given the size of the difference actually observed
(d) The range within which the true value might lie given the size of the difference actually observe
- If a scale were developed to measure overall health and the response categories were: ‘excellent’ ‘good’ ‘average’ ‘below average’ or ‘poor’, what kind of data would be collected? (b)
(a) Interval
(b) Ordinal
(c) Nominal
(d) Ratio
(b) Ordinal
- Which of these tests would be used to demonstrate association between ordinal variables?
(a) Chi squared
(b) Pearson’s correlation
(c) Spearman’s correlation
(d) Frequencies
(c) Spearman’s correlation
- There has been controversy about whether Tamiflu is more effective than bed rest and paracetamol in reducing the symptoms of ‘flu. What would be the most appropriate clinical question?
(a) In healthy adults does Tamiflu reduce the severity of the symptoms of acute ‘flu compared with bed rest and paracetamol?
(b) In healthy adults is Tamiflu more effective than bed rest and paracetamol for the ‘flu?
(c) In healthy adults does Tamiflu reduce the severity of acute ‘flu compared with bed rest?
(d) In healthy adults is Tamiflu more clinically-effective than paracetamol for the ‘flu?
(a) In healthy adults does Tamiflu reduce the severity of the symptoms of acute ‘flu compared with bed rest and paracetamol?
- It is important to know about the reliability and validity of any test measure used in research and clinical practice. What do tests of reliability demonstrate about a test instrument?
(a) The stability of the instrument
(b) That an instrument reflects performance
(c) That an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure x
(d) That an instrument can be used more than once
(a) The stability of the instrument
Stability = re-test reliability. To determine stability, a measure or test is repeated on the same subjects at a future date. Results are compared and correlated with the initial test to give a measure of stability.
