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ALL revision powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Which terminology is used for quan studies?
Reliability or dependability

A

Quan: Reliability
Qual: dependability

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2
Q

Which terminology is used for quan studies?
Credibility or internal validity

A

Defo: Good data collection/ research quality

Quan: Internal validity
Qual: Credibility

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3
Q

Which terminology is used for quan studies?
Transferability or external validity/ generalisablity

A

defo: findings can be applied to other situations
Quan: external validity/ generalisablity
Qual: Transferability

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4
Q

What does dissemination of research mean?

A

Spreading/ sharing research

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5
Q

Outline the steps for PARIHS (Promoting Action Research Implementation in Health Services

A

Evidence (research, patient and clinical experience)
Context (culture. leadership, values, stakeholders)
Facilitation (skills & attributes, holistic purpose and enabling role)
Improved Practice

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6
Q

rank these types of data in terms of the hierarchy of evidence

Clinical trials
case reports/ series
Systematic reviews
Observational studies
anecdotal findings/ ideas and opinions

A

Systematic reviews
Clinical trials
Observational studies
case reports/ series
anecdotal findings/ ideas and opinions

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7
Q

PICOT stands for

A

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcomes of Interest
Timeframe

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8
Q

SPIDER stands for

A

Sample
Phenomenon of Interest
Design
Evaluation
Research type

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9
Q

Is PICOT used for quan, qual and/or mixed methods?

A

QUAN

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10
Q

Is SPIDER used for quan, qual and/or mixed methods

A

Qual and mixed methods

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11
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Philosophical origin/ ontology

A

Quan: Positivism (facts and scientific)
Qual: Interpretivism (opinions)

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12
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Basis of knowing - why are we doing the research

A

Quan: cause-effect relationship
Qual: understanding

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13
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Theoretical focus

A

Quan: test hypothesis (deductive)
Qual: generate theories and understanding (inductive)

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14
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Researcher involvement

A

Quan: Objective (no bias/ opinion)
Qual: Subjective (opinions/ bias)

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15
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Data collection

A

Quan: survey, experiment, method, clinical trail, closed questionnaires
Qual: interviews, focus groups, observation

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16
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Type of data

A

Quan: no’s
Qual: words

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17
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Data analysis

A

Quan: stats
Qual: text-based analysis

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18
Q

Differences between quan and qual research
Findings

A

Quan: generalizable
Qual: transferable
Generalizable and transferable mean the same thing- (findings/results can be used/applied to other situations)

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19
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Ethnography

A

Uses interviews or observation to look at culture

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20
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Phenomenological

A

Interviews people with a lived experience/ human experience eg. what is it like living with type 1 diabetes

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21
Q

Different methodologies in Qual
Generic Qualitative

A

Follows a method but does not identify a methodology

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22
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Narrative

A

Stories from individuals or documents to learn about an individuals experience or sequence

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23
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Grounded theory

A

Interviews are used to Understand why a social interaction/ lived experience happens to generate a theory
- why do student nurses drop out

Empiral - lots of student nurses drop out

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24
Q

What is a methodology?

A

the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic.

In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability.

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25
Q

Methodologies in Qual
Case study

A

Interviews/ documents/ reports or observations are used to
explore a detailed investigation of the development of a single or multiple events/ individuals

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26
Q

Methodologies in Quan
RCT

A

Random
Scientific experiment, blinding (placebo), large sample size

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27
Q

Methodologies in Quan
Quasi- experiment

A

Not random. the researcher can manipulate the design to suit

Class of 30 to split into 2 teams
RCT: pick 15 names out of a hat to make 1 team
QUASI: splitting a class directly down the middle so 15 on each side

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28
Q

Methodologies in Quan
Case control

A

case: with disease
Control: no disease

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29
Q

Methodologies in Quan
Cohort study

A

a group of people with defining characteristics that start something at the same time and are studied over a long period of time .eg. first year nursing students studied over 3 years of their degree

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30
Q

Methodologies in Quan
Fixed cohort study

A

cohort study that starts and finishes at the same time

cohort study- A long term study looking at a similar group of people

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31
Q

Mixed method research types
ExplANatory sequential

A

quAN first then qual

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32
Q

Mixed method research types
Exploratory sequential

A

Qual then Quan

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33
Q

Mixed method research types
Parallel

A

Quan and Qual side by side

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34
Q

Mixed method research types
Multiphase

A

Quan and qual mixed together

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35
Q

Types of data
Categorical

A

Made up of categories eg. dog breeds

36
Q

Types of data
Binary

A

two distinct types of things eg. male and female

37
Q

Types of data
Nominal

A

named data that can’t be ranked eg. ethnicity

38
Q

Types of data
Ordinal

A

data that can be ranked eg.
economy and business class
Happy, okay, sad
pain score

39
Q

Types of data
Continuous

A

?

40
Q

Types of data
Ratio

A

?

41
Q

Autonomy

A

The right for an individual to make his or her own choice

42
Q

Beneficence

A

The principle of acting with the best interest of the other in mind

43
Q

Non-maleficence

A

avoid doing harm

44
Q

Justice

A

A concept that emphasizes fairness and equality among individuals

45
Q

what are ethics?

A

Ways of understanding and examining moral life, or of the right and wrong human conduct

46
Q

how are ethics considered in research?

A

ethical section

47
Q

Researcher Bias

A

Has the researcher influenced the outcome of the researcher in anyway?

48
Q

Design Bias-

A

Occurs in the planning phase – subjective criteria used to define participant groups (differences may then be arbitrary rather than statistically significant)

49
Q

Recall bias

A

bias that occurs when individuals in a study have to rely on their memory in order to answer certain questions.

50
Q

Selection bias

A

sample selection does not accurately reflect the target population

51
Q

Confirmation bias

A

This can occur when the data from the study, is interpreted by the researchers, and deemed to suggest what they want it to, rather than what it actually represents. This can be both consciously or unconsciously.

52
Q

Measurement Bias

A

a form of bias where those who are collecting data are aware of which groups participants are allocated to?

53
Q

Response bias

A

bias that occurs when individuals respond to a question in a study in a certain way because they think the answer they are giving is what the researcher wants to hear.

54
Q

Observational bias

A

Observational bias occurs when participants are observed as part of a study and this alters their behavior or responses to questions

55
Q

Sampling bias

A

bias that occurs when the selection of a sample for a study may exclude certain groups of people in a systematic manner. Example: an online survey will exclude all those people who do not have access to the internet.

56
Q

Publishing bias-

A

Sometimes studies that have negative findings, such as trials that have no real significant findings are less likely to be published in journals as they are thought to not carry any significant interest.

57
Q

Types of Qualitative sampling methods
purposive

A

picking people with a long term condition vs diagnosed yesterday

58
Q

Types of Qualitative sampling methods
theoretical

A

once sampling has started a theory or common theme develops so then sampling to research this new developed theory

59
Q

Types of Qualitative sampling methods
snowball

A

connections lead to other connections

60
Q

Types of Qualitative sampling methods
convenience

A

happen to be in the right place at the right time

61
Q

Qual sampling- data saturation

A

same opinion/theory keeps reoccurring

62
Q

Types of probability quan sampling methods

simple random sampling

A

randomly select from sampling frame eg. RCT

63
Q

Types of probability quan sampling methods

systematic sampling

A

select every nth element from sampling frame

64
Q

Types of probability quan sampling methods
stratified sampling

A

create subgroups then randomly select from group - age, gender…

65
Q

Types of probability quan sampling methods
cluster

A

random cluster then random selection within the cluster

66
Q

Types of non- probability quan sampling

convenience (accidental)

A

subject happens to be in the right place a the right time to be recruited eg. student nurse in a seminar to ask about sharp injuries

67
Q

Types of non-probability quan sampling

quota sampling

A

similar to convenience but non random selection to pick out underrepresented groups eg. male student nurses in a seminar group

68
Q

Common Quan Stats
P-Value

A

Measures probability that observed difference is chance. The lower the score, the less likely due to chance, and so the more likely it is significant (significant = p-value <0.05)

69
Q

Common Quan Stats
T-Test

A

An inferential statistic, measuring difference between the mean of 2 sets of data. The bigger the score, the more likely the test is repeatable.

70
Q

Common Quan Stats
Pearson’s correlation

A

An interval statistic – measures a linear relationship between 2 variables, where a change in one variable causes a proportional change in the other (e.g. age and BP)

71
Q

Common Quan Stats
Spearman’s correlation

A

An ordinal or monotonic statistic – the variables change together, but not necessarily at the same rate (e.g. use of internet and IQ)

72
Q

Common Quan Stats
Spearman’s correlation

A

An ordinal or monotonic statistic – the variables change together, but not necessarily at the same rate (e.g. use of internet and IQ)

73
Q

Common Quan Stats
Chi2

A

A categorical statistic - looking for independence of data (one variable not related to the other) measures the difference between the observed and expected outcomes of the variables

74
Q

Common Quan Stats
Cohen’s Kappa coefficient

A

Measures inter-rater reliability, e.g. performing GCS – assessing if agreement is by chance

75
Q

Common Quan Stats
Confidence Interval

A

The confidence you have that the result will lie between a predetermined range of values

Sample and sample Error
There will always be sampling error because the sample will not 100% represent the whole population
Variation & sample size impact confidence interval
Larger variation and small sample size = large confidence interval

76
Q

Common stats
What p-value makes something statistically significant

A

= or less than 0.05

0.05 means 5% by chance
reject null hypothesis (no effect)
accept alternative hypothesis (the independent variable caused an effect)

77
Q

Common Quan Stats
Intention to Treat

A

Including results from participants who do not complete the trial (e.g. died or withdrew) – maintain the original randomised groups of participants

78
Q

Common Quan Stats
Is a higher confidence interval better?

A

A large confidence interval suggests that the sample does not provide a precise representation of the population mean, whereas a narrow confidence interval demonstrates a greater degree of precision.

79
Q

Common Quan Stats
Descriptive statistics -

A

mean, median, mode, standard deviation – terms used to describe numbers and patterns

80
Q

Common Quan Stats
Inferential statistics

A

used to determine the statistical significance of any observed differences between groups

81
Q

Common Quan Stats
Interval/ discrete statistics

A

Differences between measurements but no true zero (can be negative) eg. temperature

82
Q

Common Quan Stats
Ratio/continuous statistics

A

Differences between measurements and a true zero (have traveled 0km and not at all) eg. distance traveled, age, weight

83
Q

Quan- internal validity

A

validity = refers to accuracy of a measure – results represent what they are suppose to measure

study design, conduct, and analysis answer the research questions without bias

84
Q

Quan- external validity

A

validity = refers to accuracy of a measure – results represent what they are suppose to measure

study findings can be generalized (applied) to other contexts.
eg. a research design, which involves sending out survey questionnaires to students picked at random, displays more external validity than one where the questionnaires are given to friends. This is randomization to improve external validity.

85
Q

quan- reliability

A

results can be reproduced under the same conditions = credible and trustworthy results

502 (13 decks)

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