chapter 7 pt 2

Question 1

synthetic biology

Answer 1

the design and construction of biological devices, systems, and machines not found in nature

Question 2

CRISPR method

Answer 2

-cuts DNA in any cell
-used to silence genes by cutting out those regions in the DNA
-DNA repair can be tailored to insert a new sequence to replace a previous one

Question 3

optogenetics

Answer 3

-transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue
-based discovery that light can activate proteins

Question 4

Opsins

Answer 4

-are proteins derived from micro-organisms
-combines a light sensitive domain with an ion channel

Question 5

optogenetics

Answer 5

-great potential for research
-high spatial and temporal resolution
-ion channels can be placed into specific cell lines and turned on and off on millisecond time scale

Question 6

for techniques to measure electrical activity

Answer 6

-single cell recording
-EEG
-ERP
-MEG

Question 7

Place cells

Answer 7

code the spatial location of the animal and contribute to a spatial map of the world in the brain

Question 8

EEG: recording graded potentials from thousands of cells

Answer 8

EEG measures the summed graded potentials from many thousands of neurons

Question 9

Advantages and Disadvantages for EEG

Answer 9

-non invasive
-cost
-can record from hundreds of sites
-high temporal resolution
-poor spatial resolution
-cant record deep brain regions

Question 10

Magnetoencephalography

Answer 10

-neural activity, by generating an electrical field, also produces a magnetic field the measured field
-permit a three dimensional localization of the cell groups generating
-higher resolution but high cost

Question 11

Anatomical imaging techniques

Answer 11

-computed tomography

Question 12

Anatomical Imaging techniques

Answer 12

-computed tomography
-CT scan
-MRI
-DTI

Question 13

Computed tomography (CT scan)

Answer 13

• x-ray beams are passed through the brain at many different angles, creating many different images
  -images are combined with the use of computing and mathematical techniques to create a three dimensional image of the brain
  -A disadvantage is it can not differentiate white vs grey matter

Question 14

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 14

-produces a static three dimensional brain image by passing a strong magnetic field through the brain, followed by a radio wave, them measuring the radiation emitted by hydrogen atoms

Question 15

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Answer 15

detects the directional movements of water molecules to image nerve fibre pathways in the brain
-used to delineate abnormalities in neural pathways