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AP Psychology > Unit 3 - Classical and Operant Conditioning > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Classical and Operant Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in organism’s behavior due to experience.

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

(Ivan Pavlov) Organisms can come to associate two different stimuli together

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3
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

Stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention.

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Stimulus that unconditionally (automatically) and naturally triggers a response.

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5
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus.

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6
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

After association with an unconditioned stimulus, it comes to trigger a conditioned response.

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7
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus.

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8
Q

Acquisition

A

Neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response; an organism learns a behavior

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9
Q

Higher Order Conditioning

A

The conditioned stimulus (CS) is one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

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10
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response.

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11
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

After a rest period, an extinguished conditioned response (CR) such salivation, spontaneously recovers.

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12
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli that is similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS)

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

A learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli.

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14
Q

John Garcia

A

Studied taste aversion in rats; led to knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned

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15
Q

Taste Aversion

A

Associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance.

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16
Q

John B. Watson

A

Believed in objective science/ behaviorism.

17
Q

Behaviorism

A

The study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes.

18
Q

Little Albert Experiment

A

Conditioned fear into an infant; Albert generalized his fears to other furry objects.

19
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

The consistency of the pairing between two stimuli influences the strength of the connection between two stimuli.

20
Q

E.L. Thorndike Law of Effect/ Puzzle Box

A

The probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence.

21
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.

22
Q

Operant Chamber

A

(B.F. Skinner) Bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer.

23
Q

Shaping

A

Procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations.

24
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement.

25
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows; added strength.

26
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

The removal of an aversive stimulus; it strengthens the behavior; aversive stimulus is taken away.

27
Q

Punishment

A

Aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

28
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adding (or presenting) a stimulus that weakens a response.

29
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Taking away (or removing) a stimulus that weakens a response.

30
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drinking; Ex. candy.

31
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

A learned reinforcer that gets in reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer; Ex. money, good grades.

32
Q

Immediate Reinforcer

A

Reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior; Ex. food pellets.

33
Q

Delayed Reinforcer

A

Reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior; Ex. paycheck

34
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

35
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

36
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses; Ex. piecework pay.

37
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses; Ex. gambling, fishing.

38
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed; Ex. biweekly paychecks.

39
Q

Variable Interval

A

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals; Ex. pop quizzes.

AP Psychology (23 decks)

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