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PALEO 200 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Who first conceived the theory of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

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2
Q

What are the 4 basic principles of evolution/life

A
  1. traits must be heritable
  2. variation / genetic mutation must exist
  3. variations of a trait must provide an advantage for evolution to occur
  4. competition for limited resources
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3
Q

Combining the 4 principles of evolution, what is the theory of evolution?

A

the DIFFERENTIAL SUCCESS of certain VARIATIONS of a HERITABLE trait because of COMPETITION for limited resources

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4
Q

how does constitution of a new species occur?

A

organism accumulates so many new traits, that it is very different from the ancestor –> new species

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5
Q

How is it possible for a new species to evolve without the extinction of the ancestor?

A

small population of the ancestral species branches off because it is exposed to new environmental conditions that favoured new traits

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6
Q

What determines if a trait will be successfully passed on to later generations?

A

NATURAL SELECTION: competitive selective process by which detrimental traits are discarded and advantageous traits are retained (i.e. how well a trait improves an organism’s reproductive success)

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7
Q

How are organisms grouped together?

A

based on their most recent shared common ancestors

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8
Q

What is an example of dinosaurs that have been grouped together?

A

ornithischia: hadrosaurs, pachycephalosaurs, ankylosaurs, stegosaurs

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9
Q

What species did the dinosauria evolve from?

A

amniote tetrapod

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10
Q

What is a character?

A

any heritable trait that can be described and labeled

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11
Q

What is a shared derived character?

A
  • character that may present in 2 or more groups and their common ancestor
  • not present in any more distantly related groups
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12
Q

What is another name for a shared derived character?

A

synapomorphy

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13
Q

What is an example of synapomorphy in ornithischians?

A

predentary

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14
Q

What is the biggest challenge to determining evolutionary relationships?

A

convergent evolution

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15
Q

What is convergent evolution? provide an example.

A
  • evolution of similar traits in 2 different lineages/species
  • example: spinosaurus (theropod, saurischian) and ouranosauraus (igaunodont, ornithischian) both have a sail on their backs
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16
Q

When does convergent evolution usually happen?

A

when 2 lineages must adapt to similar environments and to similar modes of lige

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17
Q

What is an example of the convergent evolution of wings in flying vertebrates?

A

birds, pterosaurs, bats all evolved wings from the FORELIMBS but in different ways

pterosaurs: membrane wing, one long finger
bats (mammals): membrane wing, several fingers
birds: feathered wing, fused hand bones into single unit

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18
Q

the ouranosaurus has a sail like what dinosaur

A

Spinosaurus

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19
Q

which dinosaur does the ouranosaurus have the most common traits with and what are they

A

iguandonts
- grinding teeth and beak
-back facing pubis
- predentary bone

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20
Q

define parsimony

A

the idea that “all other things being equal, the simplest answer is usually the right one”

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21
Q

occam’s razor is also known as

A

parsimony

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22
Q

describe the processes involved in making phylogenic trees

A
  1. use computer program to determine evolutionary relationships between species
  2. analyze the list of characters -> character matrix
  3. application of the principle of parsimony to arrange organisms in a way that there are fewer instances of convergent evolution
  4. family tree is made
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23
Q

phylogenic trees are made of ___ and ____

A

nodes and branches

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24
Q

____ is where two branches diverge

A

node

25
Q

what does a node tell us

A

shows the point at which two linages shared a common ancestor

26
Q

species that share a common ___ is called a ____

A

node… clade

27
Q

true or false - clades have a size limit

A

false - there is no size limit

28
Q

what is the criteria for a clade

A

must contain the ancestor of a group and all its descendants

29
Q

what class are four limbed animals part of

A

can be traced back to a fish ancestor -> class Pisces

30
Q

what is the modern name for class pisces

A

Osteichthyes

31
Q

define missing links

A

organisms that show evolutionary connection between two major groups of organisms by expressing traits of both groups

32
Q

who is the earliest advocate for the theory of evolution

A

Thomas Henry Huxley

33
Q

what did Huxley find out

A

he recognized that birds evolved from dinosaurs -> Achaeopteryx are a missing link between dinosaurs and birds

34
Q

where were Achaeopteryx fossils preserved

A

lake deposits

35
Q

why is the Archaeopteryx similar to both birds and dinosaurs

A

long wing feathers and tail feathers = bird
teeth, clawed fingers and a long series of tail vertebrae = dinosaurs

36
Q

true or false - birds are part of the dinosaur family tree

A

true

37
Q

what is the first non avian bird to be discovered with feathers

A

sinosauropteryx

38
Q

define the differences between the modern bird and non avian bird

A

modern bird used feathers for flight, non avian birds used feathers for insulation

39
Q

true or false - Yutyrannus was found to have no feathers

A

false - it does have feathers

40
Q

what group does the Yutyrannus belong to

A

tyrannosauroid

41
Q

____ are the only clade dinosaurs alive today

A

birds

42
Q

true or false - birds are sauropods

A

false - they are therapods

43
Q

the clade name for flying dinosaurs is
a) Aves
b) Avialae
c) Pisces
d) Avis

A

b

44
Q

is the Archaeopteryx part of the Aves or Avialae group

A

Avialae

45
Q

the Haplocheirus is a
a) hadrosaur
b) tyrannosaurid
c) alvarezsaur

A

c

46
Q

the Dilong is a
a) hadrosaur
b) tyrannosaurid
c) alvarezsaur

A

b

47
Q

what are the three dramaeosaur mentioned in the Ascent of birds are

A

Confuciusornis, Archaeopteryx, Xiaotingia

48
Q

what kind of dinosaur is the Bohaiornis

A

enantiornthine

49
Q

what are the two ornithurine dinosaurs mentioned in the Ascent of Bird

A

Asparavis and Ichthyornis

50
Q

Archaeopteryx is more closely related to _____ than modern birds

A

dramaeosaurid therapods

51
Q

what are the three hadrosaurs in the dinosaur park formation of alberta and what was found about them

A

Parasaurolophus(single elongated crest), corythosaurus(single crest) and lambesaurus (double crest)

52
Q

what is a characteristic of the lambeosaurine hadrosaurs

A

have hollow crests on the top of their heads - shared derived character

53
Q

what dinosaur is an early ceratopsian from the early cretaceous of china

A

liaceratops

54
Q

ceratopsians with a nasal horn is called ….

A

ceratopsid ceratopsians

55
Q

what is a shared derived character of pachycephalosaurs

A

thick domed skull

56
Q

true moles are more closely related to _____ than true moles

A

elephants

57
Q

parsimony is also known as

A

Occam’s Razor

58
Q

are feathers a shared derived feature of birds

A

no because we know many dinosaurs have been found with feathers as well

PALEO 200 (13 decks)

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