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A&P II > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

2 phases of metabolism

A

Catabolic, anabolic

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

Reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones; decomposition

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

Reactions that combine simple molecules to make complex ones; synthesis

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5
Q

Type of metabolic reaction that uses ATP

A

Redox reactions

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6
Q

Type of metabolic reaction that generates ATP

A

Phosphorylation

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7
Q

Where energy is transferred from fuel molecule to

A

Intermediate molecule (reduced coenzyme)

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8
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions

A

Coupled reactions that use coenzyme to transfer energy, aka redox reactions

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9
Q

Oxidation

A

Addition of O2, loss of H+/removal of e- ; results in decrease in potential energy of substance that is oxidized

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10
Q

Reduction

A

Adding H+ or removing O2/e- ; results in incr. in potential energy of substance that is reduced

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11
Q

2 important coenzymes incolved in the reactions discussed

A

NAD and FAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide)

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12
Q

What carbohydrate metabolism is mostly

A

Glucose metabolism

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13
Q

Body’s needs for glucose

A
  • ATP production
  • Amino acid synthesis
  • Glycogen synthesis
  • Triglyceride synthesis
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14
Q

4 enzymatic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, Krebs cycle, ETC

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15
Q

Where each pathway of catabolism of glucose occurs in the cell

A
  • Glycolysis: cytosol
  • Acetyl-CoA formation: mitochondria
  • Krebs cycle: mitochondria
  • ETC: inner membrane of mitochondria
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16
Q

Anaerobic or aerobic: 4 pathways of catabolism of glucose

A
  • Glycolysis: anaerobic
  • Acetyl-CoA formation: aerobic
  • Krebs: aerobic
  • ETC: aerobic
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17
Q

Products of glycolysis for one molecule of glucose

A

2 NADH, 2 ATP net gain, 2 pyruvic acid

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18
Q

Products of acetyl-CoA formation

A

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 acetyl-CoA

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19
Q

Decarboxylation

A

Loss of CO2

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20
Q

Products of krebs cycle from one glucose

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4CO2, 2 ATP

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21
Q

What each carrier in ETC does

A

Picks up electrons/passes them to other carriers (releases energy from reduced coenzymes)

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22
Q

What the energy released from reduced coenzymes in ETC is used for

A

To build up H+ ion gradient b/w inner and outer membranes

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23
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Mechanism that links chemical reactions w/ the pumping of H+ ions

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24
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Storing glucogen; occurs in liver and muscle cells

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25
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of stored glycogen; occurs in hepatocytes and the myocytes

26
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of new glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors; occurs in liver and kidneys

27
Q

Hormones involved in other carbohydrate pathways

A
  • Glycogenesis: insulin
  • Glycogenolysis: glucagon and epinephrine
  • Gluconeogenesis: glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, and cortisol
28
Q

Why lipids need transport molecules to help move them across blood stream

A

They are nonpolar/hydrophilic

29
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Lipid/protein molecules that transport lipids across blood plasma

30
Q

Amphipathic lipid

A

Lipid with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends (polar/nonpolar)

31
Q

Four classes of lipoproteins

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. Very low density lipoproteins
  3. Low density lipoproteins
  4. High density lipoproteins
32
Q

Source of most cholesterol in our bodies

A

LDL’s/hepatocytes

33
Q

Function of lipids in our bodies

A

Oxidized to produce ATP

34
Q

Lypolysis

A

Splitting triglycerides into fatty acids/glycerol; lipid catabolism

35
Q

Produced in lipolysis

A

Fatty acids/glycerol

36
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Synthesis of fatty acids from glucose/amino acids; lipid anabolism

37
Q

Functions of four classes of lipoproteins

A
  • Chylomicrons: transport dietary lipids to adipose tissues
  • Very low density lipoproteins: transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes
  • Low density lipoproteins: carry about 75% of the total cholesterol in blood and deliver it to cells
  • High density lipoproteins: remove excess
    cholesterol from body cells and the blood and transport it to the liver for elimination
38
Q

Class of lipoproteins that having a high level of is good

A

HDL’s

39
Q

Hormones involved in lipid metabolism

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, etc.

40
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Series of reactions that form coenzyme A

41
Q

Happens when beta oxidation is excessive

A

2-C fatty acids get turned into acidic ketone bodies

42
Q

Ketosis

A

Overproduction of ketone bodies

43
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Excess production of blood acids

44
Q

Some functions that proteins provide

A
  • Synthesizing proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Involved in transportation
  • Antibodies
  • Blood clotting
45
Q

Produced when proteins are digested

A

Amino acids, fatty acids, ketone bodies, glucose

46
Q

How amino acids are used in the body

A

Generate ATP via krebs

47
Q

Chemical reaction that must occur in an amino acid before it’s used

A

Oxidative deamination

48
Q

Where protein anabolism occurs in a cell

A

Ribosomes

49
Q

3 key molecules at metabolic crossroads

A
  1. Glucose-6-phosphate
  2. Pyruvic acid
  3. Acetyl-CoA
50
Q

Functions of glucose-6-phosphate

A
  • Synthesis of glycogen
  • Release of glucose into bloodstream
  • Synthesis of nucleic acids
  • Glycolysis
51
Q

Functions of pyruvic acid

A
  • Production of lactic acid
  • Production of alanine
  • Gluconeogenesis
52
Q

Functions of Acetyl-CoA

A
  • Helping 2-C acetyl groups enter Krebs
  • Synthesis of lipids
53
Q

Important factor in metabolic adaptations

A

Amount of time elapsed since last meal; determines if body is in absorptive or postabsorptive state

54
Q

Absorptive state

A
  • Last meal was recent
  • Glucose is readily available for use by most cells in body to produce ATP by cellular respiration
  • Glucose/other digestion products stored in variety of rxns in liver, muscles, and adipose tissue to produce storage compounds to be used later
55
Q

Hormone that is important in absorptive state metabolism

A

Insulin

56
Q

Postabsorptive state

A
  • Last meal was not recent
  • Stored foods must be broken down for energy
  • Food has to be broken down to release energy for the production of ATP
  • Greater variety of hormones involved
57
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Overall rate at which metabolic rxns use energy

58
Q

Main hormone that regulates metabolic rate

A

Thyroxin (thyroid hormone)

59
Q

Factors that increase metabolic rate

A
  • Increase in exercise
  • Increase in thyroid hormones
  • Sympathetic ANS stimulation
  • Body temperature
  • Food consumption
60
Q

Thermostat of body

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

Two automatic physiological responses that help cool body if temperature rises above normal

A

Sweat glands stimulated and blood vessels dilate

62
Q

Two automatic physiological responses that help to warm body if temperature drops below normal

A

Shivering and blood vessels constricting

A&P II (9 decks)

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