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A&P II > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Reason blood is classified as connective tissue

A

Surrounded by liquid matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

White blood body weight percent

A

8%

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3
Q

Plasma in whole blood percentage

A

55%

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4
Q

Most abundant component of plasma and some other examples of components

A

Water, blood plasma, proteins, other solutes

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5
Q

Percent of whole blood made of RBC

A

45%

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6
Q

Most variable in structure of the 3 types of blood cells

A

Neutrophils

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7
Q

What blood transports

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, heat, hormones, waste products

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8
Q

How blood is involved in regulating homeostasis

A

Regulates all body fluids, pH, body temperature, and water contents of the cell

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9
Q

How blood protects us

A

Protects against excessive clotting and uses WBCs to protect against infections

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10
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Process of producing blood cells (occurs mainly in red bone marrow after birth/throughout life)

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11
Q

Type of blood cells able to live for years

A

Lymphocytes

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12
Q

Type of blood cells that vary in number

A

WBC; varies depending on invading pathogens/other foreign antigens

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13
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of RBC

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14
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • RBC
  • No nucleus
  • Contain hemoglobin
  • Contains carbonic anhydrase
  • Lives ~120 days
  • Average number of RBC in healthy adults = 4.8-5.4 million/microliter
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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Aka respiratory pigment
  • Helps carry oxygen to body cells and carbon dioxide to lungs
  • Consists of 4 polypeptide chains each with affinity for picking up O2
  • Helps regulate blood flow/pressure b/c it releases nitric oxide (causes vasodilation)
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16
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • Caused by nitric oxide
  • Improves blood flow
  • Enhances O2 delivery
17
Q

Average number of RBC in healthy adults

A

4.8-5.4 million/microliter (to maintain this, new RBC enter circulation at rate of 2 million per second)

18
Q

Leukocyte

A
  • WBC
  • Contains nucleus and other organelles
  • May be granular or agranular
  • Some have ability to live months or years (memory cells)
  • Able to leave bloodstream and collect at site of invasion/injury
19
Q

Granular vs. agranular leukocytes

A
  • Contains granules (vesicles) in cytoplasm
  • Appear dark when stained
  • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

vs.

  • Without granules
  • Lymphocytes, monocytes
20
Q

3 stages of emigration

A

Rolling, sticking, squeezing b/w endothelial cells

21
Q

Increase in WBC meaning vs. WBC count meaning

A

Indicates infection/inflammation

vs.

May result from variety of causes such as drug toxicity, exposure to radiation, vitamin deficiency, etc.

22
Q

Platelets

A
  • Produced by splitting megakaryocytes into 2000-3000 fragments
  • Contain many vesicles but no nucleus
  • Function in blood clotting
  • Short lived (5-9ish days)
23
Q

Hemostasis

A

Sequence of responses that stops bleeding

24
Q

Stages of hemostasis

A
  • Vascular spasm
    » Initial reaction when a blood vessel is damaged
    » Smooth muscle in vessel wall contracts immediately, slowing loss of blood
  • Platelet plug formation
    »Platelet adhesion: platelets stick to the damaged blood vessel wall
    »Platelet release reaction: platelets release various chemicals
    » Platelet aggregation: release of ADP makes the platelets sticky and they begin to adhere to each other (a bunch of them=platelet plug)
  • Blood clotting (coagulation)
    » Complex series of chemical reactions that result in production of fibrin (insoluble protein) which forms a thread-like network that traps blood cells in a clot
25
Q

Antigen

A

Toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, esp the production of antibodies

26
Q

Antibody

A

Blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

27
Q

Universal donor/recipient

A

O-/AB+

A&P II (9 decks)

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