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ANATOMY > Skeletal System Practical > Flashcards

Skeletal System Practical Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones in infant body?

A

300

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2
Q

how many bones in adult body?

A

206

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3
Q

where can you find over half of your bones?

A

hands and feet

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4
Q

the five functions of the skeletal system?

A

support, movement, protection, hematopoiesis, reservoir for minerals, adipose tissue

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5
Q

how many bones in the inner ear?

A

3 (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

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6
Q

how many bones in the skull?
how many cranium?
how many facial?

A

22 bones
8 cranium
14 facial

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7
Q

how many bones in the upper limb?

A

30 bones

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8
Q

how many bones in the shoulder girdle?

A

2 bones

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9
Q

how many bones in the hip girdle?

A

6 bones

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10
Q

how many bones in the in the vertebral column?

A

32 bones

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11
Q

how many bones in the thorax?

A

27 bones

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12
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

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13
Q

how many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

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14
Q

cervical vertebrate?
spinus process?

A

first 7
spinus process points out

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15
Q

thoracic vertebrate?
spinus process?

A

next 12
spinus process points down

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16
Q

lumbar vertebrate?
spinus process?

A

last 5
spinus process shaped like an axe

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17
Q

what is a fontanel?

A

the space between infant skull bones

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18
Q

what is a process?

A

part of the bone that sticks out

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19
Q

what is a foramen?

A

a hole in the bone

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20
Q

what are the types of bones?

A

short, long, flat, irregular

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21
Q

examples of long bones?

A

arms, legs, and phalanges

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22
Q

examples of short bones?

A

wrist and ankle

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23
Q

examples of flat bones?

A

scapula, sternum, ribs, and skull

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24
Q

examples of irregular bones?

A

vertebrate, patella, hips

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25
Q

what is the end of a bone called?

A

epiphysis

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26
Q

what is the middle of a bone called?

A

diaphysis

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27
Q

what kind of bone is in the end of a long bone?

A

spongy bone

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28
Q

what divides the spongy bone and the inner part of the bone?

A

epiphyseal plate

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29
Q

the very ends of the bones?

A

articular cartilage

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30
Q

porous parts of the bone?

A

trabeculae

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31
Q

what kind of marrow is in the spongy bone?

A

red marrow

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32
Q

what kind of marrow is in the middle of the bone?

A

yellow marrow

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33
Q

what is the inner lining of a bone?

A

endosteum

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34
Q

what is the open space in the inside of a bone?

A

medullary cavity

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35
Q

what are the parts of the osteon?

A

haversian canal, lamella, lacunae, canalculi

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36
Q

what does the haversian canal do?

A

allows passage of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

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37
Q

what does the lamella do?

A

concentric rings of collagen fibers around haversian canal and allows bone to withstand force

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38
Q

what does the lacunae do?

A

small cavities occupied by osteocytes that join lamella

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39
Q

what does the canaliculi do?

A

hairlike canals that join lacunae to each other and the central canal and allow osteocytes to exchange nutrients wastes, and chemical signals via gap junctions

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40
Q

what are the types of cells in a bone?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

41
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

build bone cells, synthesize and secrete organic components of bone matrix, initiate classification, and found in periosteum and endosteum

42
Q

what do osteocytes do?

A

mature bone cells, formed when osteoblasts get trapped in matrix, and maintains bone tissue

43
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

bone resorption (digest/break down): part of normal bone growth, development, maintenance and repair, and is found in endosteum

44
Q

functional name synarthroses….
structural name?
movement?
examples?

A

fibrous
immovable
syndesmoses ->ligaments
sutures -> skull
gomphoses -> teeth to jaw

45
Q

functional name amphiarthroses….
structural name?
movement?
examples?

A

cartilaginous
slightly moveable
synchondrosis -> ribs, epiphyseal plate
symphyses -> pubis, vertebral discs

46
Q

functional name diarthroses….
structural name?
movement?
examples?

A

synovial
freely movable
uniaxial -> hinge, pivot
biaxial -> saddle, ellipsoidal
multiaxial -> ball and socket, gliding

47
Q

examples of hinge joints?

A

elbow and knee

48
Q

example of pivot joint?

A

in between vertebrate

49
Q

examples of condyloid joint?

A

in between radius and carpals, and jaw

50
Q

examples of ball and socket joint?

A

shoulder and hip

51
Q

example of saddle joint?

A

thumb

52
Q

examples of gliding joints?

A

in between tarsals, carpals, and vertebrate

53
Q

what is used to measure the ROM?

A

goniometer

54
Q

what is flexion?

A

decreases the angle, movement towards the body

55
Q

what is extension?

A

increases the angle, movement away from body

56
Q

what is hyperextension?

A

stretching or extending beyond anatomical position

57
Q

what is plantar flexion?

A

increases the angle between top of foot and front of leg (point down)

58
Q

what is dorsiflexion?

A

decreases the angle between top of foot and front of leg (point up)

59
Q

what is abduction?

A

to move AWAY from the medial plane

60
Q

what is adduction?

A

to move TOWARDS medial plane

61
Q

what is rotation?

A

pivoting a bone on its axis

62
Q

what is circumduction?

A

distal end of body part moves in a circle?

63
Q

what is supination?

A

hand palm side up

64
Q

what is pronation?

A

hand palm side down

65
Q

what is inversion?

A

turn sole inward

66
Q

what is eversion?

A

turn sole outwards

67
Q

what is protraction?

A

move part forward

68
Q

what is retraction?

A

move part backward

69
Q

what is elevation?

A

move part up

70
Q

what is depression?

A

move part down

71
Q

how many degrees of sprain?

A

3

72
Q

what are the two arches of the foot?

A

normal longitudinal arch and transverse arch

73
Q

what does the pelvic outlet hold?

A

digestive tract, the female reproductive tract passes through

74
Q

what is the purpose of the pubic symphysis?

A

so a baby can pass through, the pubic symphysis softens to expand for baby’s head

75
Q

what is the difference between the male and female skeletal systems?

A

the male skeletons are larger and heavier
the female pelvic bones are shaped differently, its wider for women

76
Q

what is open fracture?

A

(compound) broken bone breaks through the skin

77
Q

what is closed fracture?

A

(simple) broken bone doesn’t break through the skin

78
Q

what is incomplete fracture?

A

a partial break through the bone

79
Q

what is complete fracture?

A

bones breaks all the way through

80
Q

what is greenstick fracture?

A

(like slowly breaking a toothpick) bone is bent on one side, and other side is broken

81
Q

what is denate fracture?

A

fragmented ends of bones are jagged

82
Q

what is linear fracture?

A

fracture line straight down the bone

83
Q

what is transverse fracture?

A

fracture line straight horizontal across

84
Q

what is oblique fracture?

A

fracture slanted or diagonal

85
Q

what is lordosis?

A

the spinal curvature where your lower back is curved in

86
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

the spinal curvature where your upper back is really curved out

87
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

the spinal curvature where your spine is not straight, its curved

88
Q

what is osteomalacia?

A

the curvature of the bones, its soft bones, “rickets”, bowed bones

89
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A

bone marrow inflammation

90
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

porous bones, decrease in bone mass, bone degradation occurs faster

91
Q

what is giantism?

A

excessive growth of the bones (child growth hormones)

92
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

over growth of face, feet, and hands (adult growth hormones)

93
Q

what is pituitary dwarfism?

A

short long bones; max height 4ft

94
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

the inflammation of synovial membrane, chronic and systemic

95
Q

what is gout?

A

excessive uric acid in blood, crystals get deposited in synovial fluid

96
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

wear and tear deterioration, most common NIJD, atrophy of articular cartilage

97
Q

what is a sprain?

A

the stretching of ligaments surrounding joint, due to twisting motion, treatment is RICE

98
Q

what is dislocation?

A

the articular surfaces not in proper contact, tear vessels, nerves, ligaments, muscles, pain and swelling

ANATOMY (24 decks)

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