Chapter 2: Political Culture: Ideas in Conflict

Question 1

Political Culture

Answer 1

Widely shared ideas about who should govern, for what ends, and by what means

Question 2

Widely shared ideas about who should govern, for what ends, and by what means

Answer 2

Beliefs and Values

Question 3

Beliefs are

Answer 3

Shared ideas about what is true, and can determine values

Question 4

Values are

Answer 4

Shared ideas about what is good and desirable and provide standards for judging what is right and wrong

Question 5

Individual liberty

Answer 5

The high worth of individual liberty is widely accepted

Question 6

Classical liberalism

Answer 6

Political philosophy asserts the worth and dignity of the individual and emphasizes the rational ability of human beings to determine their desires

Question 7

Political liberty: According to John Locke, argued that a natural law, or moral principle, guaranteed every person:

Answer 7

“certain inalienable rights,” among them “Life, Liberty, and Happiness.”

Question 8

Political liberty and Social Contract Theory

Answer 8

Implicit in these concepts is the belief that governmental activity and restrictions on individuals should be kept to a minimum

Question 9

Economic freedom

Answer 9

Classical liberation as a political idea is closely associated with capitalism

Question 10

Capitalism is

Answer 10

An economic system in which individuals have a right to own, buy, sell, rent, and trade property in a free market

Question 11

Equality of Opportunity

Answer 11

Elimination of artificial barriers to success in life and the opportunity for everyone to strive for success

Question 12

American are generally willing to have government act to ensure

Answer 12

Equality of opportunity

Question 13

Equality of results is

Answer 13

Equal sharing of income and material goods regardless of one’s efforts in life

Question 14

Equality of results appears to

Answer 14

Be growing in popularity among Americans

Question 15

Fairness

Answer 15

Americans value “fairness” even though they do not always agree on what is fair

Question 16

Income increases are due to

Answer 16

1) The decline of the manufacturing economic sector and the increase of communication, information, and service economic sectors
2) The rise in the number of two-wage families, female-headed households making a single wage
3) Demographic trends, including a larger elderly population

Question 17

Global competition, which restrains wages in

Answer 17

Unskilled and semiskilled jobs while rewarding people in high technology, high-productivity occupations

Question 18

Social mobility

Answer 18

The extent to which people move upward or downward in income and status over a lifetime or generations

Question 19

Immigration policy is

Answer 19

The responsibility of the national government

Question 20

Experience has shown that the only way to effectively reduce

Answer 20

Illegal immigration the flow of illegal immigration is to control it at the border

Question 21

Ideology

Answer 21

A consistent and integrated system of ideas, values, and beliefs

Question 22

Conservative support restrictions on

Answer 22

Abortion, endorse public religious expression, favor a war on drugs and pornography, oppose legitimizing of same-sex relationships, advocate tougher criminal penalties

Question 23

Conservative support limited on

Answer 23

Regulations on business, limits social programs to the “truly needy”, keep taxes low, and rejects programs to equalize income or wealth

Question 24

Liberals support

Answer 24

Extensive government social programs, extensive environmental protection, and favor programs to equalize income or wealth

Question 25

Liberals oppose

Answer 25

Restrictions on abortion and religious expression in public; favor legalizing marijuana use; support gay rights and tolerance towards alternative lifestyles; oppose restrictions on pornography, and strive to protect the rights of criminal defendants

Question 26

Populists

Answer 26

Support strong government to regulate business and provide economic security, and to closely regulate social conduct

Question 27

Libertarian

Answer 27

Oppose government intervention in both economic affairs and in the private life of citizens

Question 28

Left

Answer 28

Refers to liberal, progressive, and/or socialists side of the political spectrum

Question 29

Right

Answer 29

Refers to the conservative, traditional, anticommunist side of the political spectrum

Question 30

Fascism

Answer 30

A political ideology that asserts the supremacy of the state or race over individuals

Question 31

Every individual, interest, and class are

Answer 31

Secondary to the good of the nation. It opposes rights of liberty or equality and stresses duties of service, devotion and discipline

Question 32

Marxism

Answer 32

A political ideology that views capitalism as an economic system that allows the owning class to exploit the working class

Question 33

The working class will inevitably rise across the world in a revolution to

Answer 33

Create a classless society. Marriage and religion will not be practiced after the revolution

Question 34

Leninism

Answer 34

A political ideology that claims the key to a successful revolution is the organization of small, disciplined, hardcore groups of professional revolutionaries that create a centralized totalitarian party

Question 35

Communism

Answer 35

A system of government in which a single totalitarian party controls all means of production and distribution of goods and services

Question 36

Socialism

Answer 36

A system of government involving collective or government ownership of economic enterprise, with the goal being equality of results, not merely equality of opportunity

Question 37

The agenda of academic radicalism is

Answer 37

Politically correct thinking

Question 38

Politically correct (PC) is

Answer 38

Characterized by repression of attitudes, speech, and writings that are deemed racist, sexist, homophobic (anti-homosexual), or otherwise “insensitive.”

Question 39

Politically correct thinking

Answer 39

Does not tolerate open discussion or debate

Question 40

Opposition is

Answer 40

Denounced as “insensitive”, racist, sexist, or worse, and intimidation is frequent