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POSC 100 C: United States Government (All Lessons) > Chapter 18: Politics and National Security > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Politics and National Security Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign policy (definition) is

A

The sum of the goals, decisions, and actions that govern a nation’s relation with the rest of the world

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2
Q

Three components of U.S Foreign Policy

A

1) Economic component: Foreign aid and Economic sanction
2) Diplomatic component
3) Military component

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3
Q

National policy (definition) is

A

The basic protection and defense of the nation

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4
Q

The president is both the

A

Leading diplomat and Commander-in-Chief

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5
Q

The president has the advantage in foreign policy because he has access to

A

Top secret information not available to anyone else open to anyone else

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6
Q

The Powell Doctrine: The U.S should use military force only:

A

1) In support of vital national interests
2) If forces are committed, they must have clearly defined military objectives, the destruction of enemy forces and/or the capture of enemy-held territory
3) U.S forces must have sufficient strength to ensure an overwhelming and decisive victory with the fewest possible casualties
4) Before committing to U.S forces, there must be reasonable assurances the effort is supported by America and Congress
5) The use of military force should be a last resort

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7
Q

According to Karl von Clausewitz, military force may be used to

A

Protect interests that are important, but not necessarily vital

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8
Q

According to Hans Morgenthau, a demonstration of a nation’s military strength serves to

A

Impress others with that power

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9
Q

According to the view of Clausewitz and Morgenthau, the express or implied threat of military force is needed to

A

Accomplish diplomatic objectives

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10
Q

Consistent with this view, U.S military forces must be prepared to:

A

1) Demonstrate U.S resolve in a crisis and support democratic government
2) Protecting U.S citizens living abroad
3) Peacemaking among warring factions or nations
4) Peacemaking, where hostile factions or nations have accepted a peace agreement
5) Providing humanitarian aid under warlike conditions
6) Assisting in an international war against drug trafficking

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11
Q

U.S policy to prevent an enemy to

A

Expanding its boundaries and/or influence

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12
Q

This was the major U.S foreign policy during

A

The Cold War to contain the Soviet Union

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13
Q

The Marshall Plan 1947: The U.S program to

A

Rebuild the economies of the nation of Western Europe after World War II to prevent the spread of communism

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14
Q

Cost $13.3 billion at the time. In today’s dollar, that would equal

A

$43.5 billion

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15
Q

America pledged to

A

“Support free people who are resisting” internal or external threats to their freedom

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16
Q

A nation can dissuade a rational enemy from attacking by

A

Maintaining the ability to destroy the enemy’s homeland even after the nation has suffered a surprise attack by the enemy

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17
Q

Second-strike Capability: A deterrence is based on

A

A nation maintaining a second-strike capability

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18
Q

The ability of a nation’s forces to survive a surprise nuclear attack by

A

The enemy and then to retaliate effectively

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19
Q

President George W. Bush’s foreign policy is

A

Strike First (A.K.A, the Bush Doctrine)

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20
Q

The policy is to pursue, apprehend, and kill terrorists worldwide and stop their

A

Financing funding and attack countries aiding terrorist organizations

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21
Q

Strike First increased importance on:

A

1) Having a flexible and rapid military response
2) Accurate intelligence
3) Convert activities

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22
Q

The Obama Doctrine’s characteristics:

A

1) Emphasis on sanctions to pressure enemies
2) Use of economic aid to address specific crises
3) Supportive role to countries in the Middle East combating terrorists
4) Emphasis on diplomacy,not military pressure

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23
Q

President Trump’s Foreign Policy characteristics:

A

1) Increasing defense spending
2) Rebuilding and modernizing American military strength
3) Aggressively combating international terrorism
4) Working with allies and partners to confront our enemies
5) Restoring American leadership in the Middle East

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24
Q

The Cold War Begins: In 1946, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill warned the U.S that

A

The Soviets were dividing Europe with an “Iron Curtain” and this statement signed the start of the Cold War

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25
Q

The Cold War: The political, military, and ideological struggle between the

A

U.S and the Soviet Union following the end of World War II and ending with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991

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26
Q

The United Nation began in 1945 with the U.S and other world power in an attempt to

A

Resolve disputes by allowing its members to vote on a proposed course of action

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27
Q

Major Bodies of the United Nations: The Security Council:

A

1) The Security Council
2) Permanent Members: the U.S, Russia, Britain, France, and China
3) Any of these can veto any action taken by the Security Council
4) Primary Responsibility: maintain international peace and security

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28
Q

The General Assembly: Composed of all member nations, each with one vote. Generally, most resolutions require a

A

Majority vote to pass

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29
Q

The U.N Modernly: There is currently

A

196 member nations, most headed by anti-democratic regimes

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30
Q

Western democracies are outnumbered by

A

Anti-democratic regimes

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31
Q

The United Nation must rely on

A

The U.S to enforce its resolutions

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32
Q

The United Nations has been riddled by

A

Scandals which has harmed its reputation

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33
Q

The belief that all nations would join together to

A

Guarantee each other’s territorial integrity and existing political independence against external aggression by any nation

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34
Q

Collective security is

A

What the United Nation is based on

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35
Q

In 1949, the U.S and many of the nations of Western Europe formed, what?

A

NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

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36
Q

It is the first and most important collective security pact whose members pledged to

A

Defend each other if attacked

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37
Q

Regional alliances between

A

A superpower and nations of a particular region

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38
Q

NATO is based on

A

This concept (Regional security)

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39
Q

In 1998, the former Soviet-dominated countries of Poland, Hungry, and the Czech Republic were admitted to

A

NATO and currently has 29 member-nations

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40
Q

The Cuban Missile Crisis

A

Was the most serious threat of nuclear war

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41
Q

The Cuban Missile Crisis involved the

A

The Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba

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42
Q

President Kennedy ordered

A

A naval blockade of Cuba

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43
Q

Secretary Kennedy and Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to

A

Withdraw U.S nuclear missiles from Turkey in exchange for Soviet withdrawal of nuclear missiles from Cuba

44
Q

The Vietnam War began in

A

1961 (U.S involved) and the last 25 years. 47,378 U.S battle deaths and/or missing in action

45
Q

According to the document U.S Period of Wars and Dates of Recent Conflicts prepared by

A

Congressional Research Service member

46
Q

In response to the South Vietnamese communist guerrilla forces (the Vietcong) threatening the South Vietnamese government, President Kennedy sent

A

Counterinsurgency forces

47
Q

Vietcong (Southern Vietnam) ask to

A

Stabilized the government

48
Q

The U.S sent more than

A

500,000 troops

49
Q

In 1968, the Vietcong launched attacks against

A

All major cities in South Vietnam

50
Q

During the attack, the Vietcong held

A

The U.S embassy for six hours

51
Q

These attacks were known as

A

The Tet Offensive

52
Q

The U.S military response to the

A

Tet Offensive was a military success,

53
Q

But, it was a major political victory for the communists because

A

It seemed to mock President Johnson’s promises of an early end to the war

54
Q

Soon after the Tet Offensive, President Johnson announced

A

The bombing of North Vietnam would stop, and peace talks would start

55
Q

The North Vietnamese refused to give any concessions, the talks stopped, and President Nixon

A

Unleased a devastating attack on five North Vietnamese cities, including its capital for the first time

56
Q

January 27th, 1973: The Paris Peace Accords are

A

Signed

57
Q

The North Vietnamese agreed to the terms of the U.S, and the South Vietnamese had

A

Earlier worked out, and the White House declares this is “Victory in Vietnam Day.”

58
Q

January 28th, 1973:

A

Cease fire

59
Q

Two years later, the North Vietnamese again attacked South Vietnam, and the U.S refused to

A

Provide emergency military aid and abandoned the region

60
Q

January 27th, 1973:

A

Signing of Paris Peace Agreement

61
Q

February 12th, 1973:

A

Operation Homecoming brings home 591 American prisoners of war

62
Q

March 29th, 1973:

A

Last American troops leave Vietnam

63
Q

August 16th, 1973:

A

The U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, and the last U.S combat activity in Southeast Asia

64
Q

December 13th, 1974:

A

North Vietnam wins decisively Battle of Phuoc Long and concluded that American involvement has ended

65
Q

April 11th, 1975:

A

President Ford begs Congress for $722 million and Congress refuses

66
Q

April 30th, 1975:

A

North Vietnamese tanks crashed gates of the Imperial Palace (The fall of Saigon to the North Vietnamese)

67
Q

America was humiliated by

A

The North Vietnamese reinvasion of South Vietnam and the U.S. evacuation from the region

68
Q

The Vietnam Syndrome: A new isolationism permeated

A

American foreign policy following U.S involvement in the Vietnam War

69
Q

Some Americans became reluctant to

A

Use military intervention whether or not the U.S vital interests were at stake

70
Q

This led to Americans being unwilling to

A

Believe their leaders when they warned of dangers

71
Q

President Reagan greatly

A

Increased defense spending, improved strategies, nuclear weapon rebuilding, and reequipping the U.S conventional forces, and began a sophisticated ballistics missile defense system

72
Q

The Collapse of the Soviet Union 1991 (Contributing Factors)

A

The arms race grew under Presidents Reagan and George H.W Bush

73
Q

The Soviet Economy was on

A

The verge of collapse

74
Q

President Reagan provided aided

A

Lech Walesa, the leader of Poland’s independence movement

75
Q

Reagan challenged the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s response to

A

President Reagan’s challenge to tear down the Berlin Wall

76
Q

Communist hardliners in the military and the KGB attempted to

A

Forcibly remove Gorbachev

77
Q

Boris Yeltsin led

A

The democratic resistance in aiding Gorbachev stand down the attempted coup

78
Q

Yeltsin emerged as

A

Most powerful leader of the nation

79
Q

Strong independence movements emerged in

A

The nations under communist control

80
Q

All fifteen republics of the Soviet Union declared their

A

Independence

81
Q

After December 25th, 1991, the Soviet Union

A

Ceased to exist

82
Q

Al Qaeda attacked the

A

World Trade Center and the Pentagon

83
Q

Al Qaeda is a network of

A

Terrorist cells organized by wealthy Saudi Arabian Osama bin Laden

84
Q

Its political grievances include America’s support of Israel,

A

American presence in Islamic holy lands, and notably in Saudi Arabia

85
Q

Al Qaeda attacks on American interests around the globe are as follow:

A

1) August 7th, 1998: Car bombs destroy embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
2) October 12th, 2000: Rubber boat filled with explosives detonates next to USS Cole in Yemen
3) September 11th, 2001

86
Q

On October 7th, 2001, the U.S began attacks on

A

Al Qaeda based in Afghanistan and against the Taliban regime

87
Q

President Bush ordered

A

Military intervention against Iraq

88
Q

Following the successful military invasion, the prolonged U.S. occupation eroded

A

U.S political support

89
Q

The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) signed by

A

President Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev

90
Q

SALT is the first treaty between the U.S and the Soviet Union to

A

Limit the total number of offensive nuclear missiles

91
Q

ABM Treaty: The U.S and the Soviet Union agreed not to

A

Build or deploy anti-ballistic missiles

92
Q

ABM Treaty signed by

A

President Nixon and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Breznev

93
Q

SALT II set an overall limit on

A

Strategic nuclear launch vehicles

94
Q

SALT II limited the number of

A

Missiles that could have multiple warhead (MIRVs)

95
Q

Strategies Arms Reduction Treaty (START 1) was the first treaty between the superpowers to

A

Reduce the number of strategic nuclear weapons

96
Q

START 1, signed by

A

President George H.W Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev on July 31st, 1991

97
Q

START 2 eliminated all

A

Multi-warhead (MIRV ed) land-based missiles

98
Q

START 2 limited each country to

A

3500 strategic warheads

99
Q

START 2 treaty provided the hope to

A

Eliminate a first strike capability by either country

100
Q

The Treaty of Moscow calls for an

A

Overall limit of nuclear warhead at 1700-2200 by 2012

101
Q

The Treaty of Moscow says that each country can

A

Determine the composition and structure of its strategic forces consistent with this limit

102
Q

The Treaty of Moscow, signed by

A

President George W. Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2002

103
Q

The New Start Treaty limits

A

The number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1550 and limit each country to 700 missiles and bombers

104
Q

The New Start Treaty signed by

A

President Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in 2010

105
Q

Nuclear Terrorism threats from non-deterrable sources are increasing. These are estimated to be:

A

1) Missiles launched by a terrorist nation
2) Unauthorized missile launches by terrorist organizations
3) Accidental missiles launches

106
Q

Ballistic Missile Defense Systems defending against terrorist missile attacks requires

A

The development and deployment of ballistics missile defense systems, weapons capable of detecting, intercepting, and destroying ballistics while they are in flight

POSC 100 C: United States Government (All Lessons) (16 decks)

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