3.1-3.4

Question 1

the course of the prenatal period

Answer 1

Typical prenatal development, which begins with fertilization and ends with birth, takes between 38 -40 weeks and it’s divided into periods
-germinal period
-embryonic period
-fetal period

Question 2

germinal period
what does it include?

Answer 2

occurs the first 2 weeks after conception
it includes:
-the creation of the zygote
-continued cell division
-attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Question 3

layers of the cell

Answer 3

Blastocyst
trophoblast

Question 4

blastocyst

Answer 4

the inner layer of the cell that develops into an embryo

Question 5

trophoblast

Answer 5

the outer layer of the cell that provides nutrition and support to the embryo

Question 6

the embryonic period

Answer 6

occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception
-the mass of the cell is called an embryo
-organs start to appear

Question 7

the three layers of the cell

Answer 7

-endoderm
-mesoderm
-ectoderm

Question 8

endoderm

Answer 8

the inner layer of the cell that develops the respiratory and digestive systems

Question 9

mesoderm

Answer 9

the middle layer of the cell which will become the circulatory system, reproductive system and excretory system

Question 10

ectoderm

Answer 10

the outer layer of the cell which becomes the nervous system if the brain, sensory receptors, parts of the skin

Question 11

life-support system of the embryo

Answer 11

amnion
umbilical cord
placenta
organogenesis

Question 12

amnion

Answer 12

the sac containing the clear fluid which the developing embryo float

Question 13

umbilical cord

Answer 13

it contains two arteries and one vein that connect the baby to the placenta

Question 14

the placenta

Answer 14

it consists of a disk shape group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine

Question 15

organogenesis

Answer 15

organ formation that takes place during the first two months of the prenatal development

Question 16

the fetal period

Answer 16

it lasts about seven months, from between 2 months after conception and birth

Question 17

the prenatal development

Answer 17

is also divided into three periods that are not: germinal, embryonic and fetal periods but this time we are calling them the 3 trimester

Question 18

the brain development

Answer 18

Babies are born with 20 to 100 billion neurons—the nerve cells in the brain that handle information processing at the cellular level.

Question 19

what are the four important phases of brain development in the prenatal period

Answer 19

*The neural tube;
* Neurogenesis;
* Neuronal migration; and
* Neural connectivity.

Question 20

the neural tube
+ two birth defects resulted from the failure of the neural tube

Answer 20

it’s located in the embryo’s back
it’s formed about 18 to 24 days after conception
it closes from the top and bottom ends at about 27 days from conception

two birth defects resulting from the failure of the neural tube to close are anencephaly and spina bifida

Question 21

neurogenesis

Answer 21

is the massive proliferation of new immature neurons, beginning at about week 5 and continuing through the remainder of the prenatal period

Question 22

neural migration

Answer 22

the process of cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations takes place between 6 and 24 weeks.

Question 23

neural connectivity

Answer 23

at about the 23rd week, is when connections between neurons begin to occur

Question 24

teratogen

Answer 24

any agent that can cause birth defects the field of study that investigates the cause of birth defect is called teratology

Question 25

what can cause a birth defect

Answer 25

dose
genetic susceptibility
time of exposure

Question 26

Negative effects of exposure during the fetal period include

Answer 26

• Stunted growth.
• Fetal brain development problems.
• Organ functioning problems

Question 27

effect of prescription and nonprescription drugs

Answer 27

both of them have an effect on the fetus or embryo
-prescription drugs that can function as teratogens include antibiotics, such as streptomycin and tetracycline; some antidepressants; certain hormones, such as progestin and synthetic estrogen; and Accutane
-Nonprescription drugs that can be harmful include diet pills and high dosages of aspirin

Question 28

psychoactive drugs

Answer 28

act on the nervous system, altering states of consciousness, modifying perceptions, and changing moods
-caffeine has been linked to lower birth weight and babies being born small for gestational age.
-alcohol - FADS -(Effects include facial deformities, limb and heart defects,learning problems, and many other issues)
-nicotine
-heroine
-marijuana
-opiate-related painkillers

Question 29

environmental hazards

Answer 29

X-ray radiation
toxic wastes
chemical pollutant

Question 30

maternal diseases

Answer 30

HIV/AIDS
genital herpes
diabetes
rubella
syphilis

Question 31

other parental factors conducting to a fetus defect

Answer 31

maternal diet and nutrition
maternal obesity
maternal age
emotional state and stress
sperm abnormalities
smoking during pregnancy for the mother

Question 32

parental care

Answer 32

-exercising during pregnancy helps :
+prevent constipation and reduce the likelihood of excessive weight gain.
+ it has also positive benefits for the offspring
+improves the immune system and it’s associated with a more positive mental state

-CenteringPregnancy is a relationship-centered program providing complete prenatal care in a group setting or group prenatal care.

Question 33

normal parental development

Answer 33

• Prospective parents should take steps to avoid vulnerabilities to fetal development.
• Most of the time, however, development occurs along a positive path