Cell: Internal Structure and Function

Question 1

Chromosomes

Answer 1

Cell’s hereditary material and controls cell activities
- Prokaryotes have one copy of one circular chromosome
- Eukaryotes have multiple copies of 2 linear chromosomes

Question 2

Plasmid

Answer 2

A tiny circular segment of DNA that can replicate independently of the chromosome and move between cells; mostly in prokaryotes.

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

All
Responsible for the synthesis of the primary structure of proteins.

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

All
An aqueous solution containing organelles and other cell structures outside of the nucleus.

Question 5

Cytoskeleton

Answer 5

Eukaryotes
A network of proteins throughout the cytoplasm. Keeps organelles in place and maintains support and shape of the cell membrane.

Question 6

Nucleus

Answer 6

Eukaryotes
A double membrane-bound compartment that protects most of the cell’s chromosomes
- defining factor of eukaryotic cells

Question 7

Nucleolus

Answer 7

Eukaryotes
A spherical region within the nucleus that make ribosomes

Question 8

Vesicles

Answer 8

Eukaryotes
a membrane-bound compartment that transports materials around the cell and to the cell membrane

Question 9

Rough ER

Answer 9

Eukaryotes
Folds proteins formed by ribosomes into their secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. has attached ribosomes.

Question 10

Smooth ER

Answer 10

Eukaryotes
Breaks down small toxins, synthesizes lipids, and stores calcium ions.

Question 11

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 11

Eukaryotes
Concentrates, packages, and sorts molecules for export

Question 12

Microbodies

Answer 12

Eukaryotes
Many different kinds that contain different enzymes to break down various macromolecules.
- Lysosomes: breaks down macromolecules and worn out and dead cells (apoptosis)
- Peroxisomes: Breaks down by-products of cells, like ethanol and hydrogen

Question 13

Vacuole

Answer 13

Eukaryotes
membrane-bound aqueous solution that stores toxic by-products, waste, and other molecules

Question 14

Central Vacuole

Answer 14

Plants and some protists
Also stores starch and provides structure by storing water. Also holds pigmentation for petals and fruits and digests seed proteins

Question 15

Mitochondria

Answer 15

Eukaryotes
A double membrane-bound compartment that converts chemical energy in food into ATP with the help of oxygen
- Contains some of its own DNA

Question 16

Centrioles

Answer 16

Animals, Protists, Some plants and Some fungi
A set of 2 large cylindrical protein structures (microtubules) arranged perpendicular to each other that assist with cell division and and are required for formation of flagella and cilia

Question 17

External Protein Strands

Answer 17

Flagella: Used for locomotion; longer and fewer in number that propel the cell by rotating
Cilia: Used for locomotion; shorter and greater in number and work by moving back and forth
pili: (prokaryotes only) assist with sticking to substrate or others in the colony.

Question 18

Chloroplasts

Answer 18

Plants and some protists
Double membrane-bound structure that contains chlorophyll and other pigments. Has own ribosomes and circular chromosomes. Uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make carbs for food

Question 19

Cell wall

Answer 19

All (except animals)
Complex carbohydrate structure that forms a rigid layer outside of the cell membrane that helps maintain cell shape, protects against mechanical damage, and limits cell size

Question 20

Cell plasma membrane

Answer 20

All
A semi-permeable stable flexible bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins (cholesterol in animal cells) and carbs attached outside of the cell. Froms a barrier between inside and outside of cell, regulates passage of molecules in and out of the cell, helps with communication between cells, and helps bind/adhere to adjacent cells.