Lesson 1

Question 1

How can pathogen damage our cells?

Answer 1

Secreting poisoning molecules (exotoxins)
Containing poisoning molecules (endotoxins)
Killing cells in which they enter during proliferation (virus)
Killing cells in which they live (bacteria)
Activating a strong immune response

Question 2

What does it means “immunology”?

Answer 2

It means to be exempt from something like the colonization of microbes

Question 3

Which are the two types of immune respose?

Answer 3

Cell-mediated immune response, humoral immunity.
They co-exist and cross-talk

Question 4

Innate immune cells: what do they recognize?

Answer 4

• Damaged associated molecular patterns (DAMPSs) like heat-shock proteins and altered membrane phospholipids
• Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): unspecific molecule presente on the surface of bacteria and virus and on the membrane of infected cell

Question 5

How does a cell recognize PAMPs and DAMPs?

Answer 5

Thanks to pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) expressed mostly by innate leukocytes

Question 6

Where can we find innate cells?

Answer 6

They’re abundant in the blood, in the skin and in the mucosae

Question 7

Which are the players of the innate immunity?

Answer 7

• anatomical barrier (skin and mucosae)
• Physiological barriers (low pH and hydrolytic enzymes)
• Complement system
• PRMs: pattern recognition molecules

Question 8

Which processes can the innate immune response stimulate?

Answer 8

• Inflammation: guided by cytokines (secreted by innate, endothelial and ephitelial cells), lead to leukocytes extravasation
• phagocytosis: made by neutrophils, macrophages or dendritic cell
• targer cell lysis: made by neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells

Question 9

Which are the main differences between adaptive immune response and innate immune response?

Answer 9

Innate response answer to unspecific signals while adaptive response need to recognize the pathogen to get involved in the fighting.
Innate response doesn’t have memory while adaptive response has it

Question 10

Which are the adaptive immune cells and their features?

Answer 10

Lymphocytes:
- specificity: TCR and BCR recognize unique structures
- task division: B and T cell
- memory
- tolerance against self