Quiz immunology

Question 1

Leukocytes involved in the innate immune response recognize:
* all intestinal pathogens
* individual antigens on pathogens
* molecules called antigens that are uniquely specific to a single pathogen
* molecular patterns shared by a wide variety of pathogens

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Leukocytes involved in the adaptive immune response recognize:
* molecules called antigens that are uniquely specific to a single pathogen
* molecular patterns shared by a variety of pathogens
* all surface molecules on pathogens
* all intestinal pathogen

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Phagocytes do not include:
* dendritic cells
* neutrophils
* lymphocytes
* macrophages

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Macrophages and neutrophils recognize pathogens through:
* antibodies
* pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
* pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
* antigen

Answer 4

c

Question 5

B cells are lymphocytes whose main function is to produce:
* cytokines
* antibodies
* complement proteins
* cytotoxic proteins

Answer 5

B

Question 6

These immune mediators are responsible for communication between the white blood cells and
* cytotoxic proteins
* antibodies
* cytokines
* complement proteins

Answer 6

C

Question 7

The inability to give an immune response to autoantigens is a form of:
* specificity
* memory
* activation
* tolerance

Answer 7

D

Question 8

An immune response that is too strong or poorly regulated may result in:
* immunodeficiency
* hypersensitivity
* tolerance
* loss of immune memory

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Innate immunity operates through non-induced and induced mechanism. Among the non-induced mechanism are:
* antibodies
* physiological barriers such ad tears, mucus and lysozyme
* ultraviolet light
* T cells

Answer 9

B

Question 10

DAMPs are molecules whose presence alerts the host’s innate system that something is wrong in the body and remedial action is needed. The following is NOT a DAMP:
* antibodies
* stress molecules such as heat shock proteins (HSPs)
* phospholipids
* complement products such as C3b

Answer 10

A

Question 11

Phagocytosis is carried out primarly by:
* neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells
* keratinocytes and fibroblasts
* NK, NKT, and γδ T cells
* T cells and B cells

Answer 11

A

Question 12

Opsonins are:
* Toxic proteins expressed by pathogens that facilitate destruction of the engulfing phagocytes expressing receptors for opsonin
* Host-derived proteins that bind the exterior of a microbe and facilitate its ability to infect and destroy phagocytes expressing receptors for the opsonin
* Host-derived proteins that bind the exterior of a microbe and facilitate its engulfment by phagocytes expressing receptors for the opsonin

Answer 12

D

Question 13

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs) are produced during the process of:
* phagosomal killing
* endocytosis
* opsonization
* micropinocytosis

Answer 13

C

Question 14

NK, NKT and γδ T cells:
* have receptors that interact with broadly specific ligands
* are related to γδ T cells
* have less diversity than γδ T cells
* all of the above

Answer 14

D

Question 15

A primary function of NK cells is to:
* induce the cytolysis of unused effector T cells
* induce the cytolysis of unused effector plasma cells
* induce the cytolysis of tumor cells and virus-infected cells
* induce the cytolysis of activated macrophages

Answer 15

C

Question 16

NK cells can lyse abnormal cells through antigen-specific mechanisms that include:
* binding of Fc receptors on NK cells to antigen-specific Ig coating target cells
* binding of Ig on NK cells to antigen on the target cell surface
* binding of Fc receptors on NK cells to antigen-specific Ig in serum, followed by binding of tumors or virus-infected cells
* binding of C3 receptors on NK cells to C3-coated target cells

Answer 16

A

Question 17

Extravasation involves:
* the inability of leukocytes to move into tissue outside the blood vessels
* the movement of infected tissue cells into blood vessels
* the movement of leukocytes from inside blood vessels into tissue spaces
* the movement of pathogen to leukocytes in tissue spaces

Answer 17

C

Question 18

The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that, in general, recognize:
* molecules shared by groups of pathogens such as all bacteria or all RNA viruses
* cell-surface components found only on individual pathogens
* all gram-negative bacteria
* all fungi

Answer 18

A

Question 19

Inhibitory receptor signalling of NK cells involves ……. On the target cells surface
* host MHC class I molecules
* host CD4 molecules
* lack of foreign antigen
* lack of host CD4 molecules

Answer 19

A

Question 20

An example of a ligand that can trigger activatory signalling of NK cells is:
* NKp46
* host MHC class I molecules
* foreign MHC class II molecules
* viral hemaglutinin

Answer 20

D

Question 21

Distinguish between PAMPs and DAMPs and give three examples of each

Answer 21

PAMPs: unspecific molecules that can be found in bacteria, virus or infected cells and can be recognised by innate receptors.
Examples: dsRNA, proteins with mannose residues, not methylates CpG sequences.
DAMPs: damage associated molecular patterns, these are proteins released by the dying cells.
Examples: heat-shock proteins, altered membrane phospholipids, mitochondrial proteins.

Question 22

Why is the repertoire diversity of the inducible innate response more limited than that of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 22

Innate response recognises general molecules without specificity, it just notices that something is wrong and act against it.
Adaptive response can recognize exactly which pathogen is taken into consideration and act specifically against it.

Question 23

Name two functions of TLRs in mammals.

Answer 23

TLRs can activate the dendritic cells or the NFkB pathway leading to inflammation

Question 24

Name two type of extracellular PRM and describe how they contribute to inducible innate defence.

Answer 24

PMR are pattern recognition molecules, two examples are C-reactive proteins and Pentraxin. These receptors are present on lymphocytes and can recognize DAMPs and PAMPs starting the fight against pathogens.

Question 25

Cytokine receptors are classical tyrosine kinase receptors
* True
* False

Answer 25

B

Question 26

Cytokines are:
* low molecular weight peptides or glycoproteins of diverse structure and function
* low molecular weight peptides or glycoproteins that interact directly with soluble antigen
* low molecular weight peptides or glycoproteins that lyse pathogens
* kinases involved in transmembrane signalling

Answer 26

A

Question 27

The cytokine receptors can be constituted by…
* 1, 2, 3 chains
* 6, 7, 8 chains
* 3, 4, 5 chains

Answer 27

A

Question 28

Chemokine receptors are typical ……. Receptors
* tyrosine kinase
* JAK associated
* seven-pass transmembrane
* type II transmembrane

Answer 28

C

Question 29

How is the cytokine signalling switched off?
* cytokine signalling is inhibited by STAT protein phosphorylation
* cytokine signalling is inhibited by STAT and SOCS competition
* cytokine signalling is inhibited by Jak and STAT degradation induced by SOCS
* cytokine signalling is inhibited by their short half-life and their kidney catabolism

Answer 29

C