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IBI Test 2 > B3-071A Retroviruses and HIV-1 > Flashcards

B3-071A Retroviruses and HIV-1 Flashcards

1
Q

oncogene hypothesis

A

viral and oncogenic material exist as genetic elements

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2
Q

Class I: Retrotransposons

A

Two stages:
DNA to RNA by transcription, then RNA to DNA by reverse transcription

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3
Q

Class 2: DNA transposons

A

cut from genome by a transposase and inserted into another region of the genoma

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4
Q

is HIV-1 enveloped?

A

yes

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5
Q

HIV is _______, meaning it contains 2 copies of the viral RNA

A

diploid

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6
Q

HIV contains a ___________ enzyme

A

reverse transcriptase

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7
Q

are retroviruses endogenous or exogenous?

A

both :)

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8
Q

HIV-1 evolved from

A

SIVcpz

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9
Q

the ___ group resulted in the HIV-1 pandemic

A

M

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10
Q

HIV-2 evolved from

A

SIVsm

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11
Q

HIV-1 is further classified into subtypes based on

A

env and gag genes

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12
Q

how many subtypes of HIV-1 are there currently?

A

9

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13
Q

which subtype of HIV-1 is most prevalent?

A

subtype C

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14
Q

p24 is the

A

capsid protein

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15
Q

p17 is the

A

matrix protein

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16
Q

HIV-1 has the _____ gene, while HIV-2 and SIV are missing it

A

vpu gene

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17
Q

p7

A

nucleocapsid protein

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18
Q

p17, p24, p7, and p6 are encoded by the _____ gene

A

gag

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19
Q

p10

A

protease

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20
Q

p66, p51

A

reverse transcriptase

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21
Q

p32

A

integrase

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22
Q

p10, p66, p51, and p32 are encoded by the ____ gene

A

pol

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23
Q

rev and tat are located in the ____ gene

A

env

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24
Q

gp120, gp41

A

envelope glycoprotein

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25
Q

gp120 and gp41 are encoded by the ____ gene

A

env

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26
Q

transactivation of viral and cellular genes

A

tat

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27
Q

regulation of RNA splicing and promotion of export of mRNA to cytoplasm

A

rev

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28
Q

alteration of cell activation signals; down regulation of CD4 and MHC1 from the cell surface

A

nef

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29
Q

virion infectivity, inhibits cytidine deaminase activity

A

vif

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30
Q

causes cells to enter G2 arrest; transport of pre-integration complex into the nucleus

A

vpr

31
Q

decrease surface expression of CD4, facilitates virion release, has ion channel activity

A

vpu

32
Q

gp160

A

env precursor molecule

33
Q

where is gp160 synthesized

A

RER

34
Q

after synthesis, gp160 is transported to the

A

golgi

35
Q

gp160 is cleaved by ______ into gp120 and gp41

A

a host enzyme

36
Q

the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 binds to the

A

CD4 receptor and coreceptor

37
Q

what is responsible for the fusion of viral and host cell plasma membrane during viral entry?

A

gp41

38
Q

the env is responsible for determining the cell ______ of various isolates

A

tropism

39
Q

in early infection [cell type] are infected via the [receptor]

A

macrophages, CCR5

40
Q

CCR5+ cells include

A

macrophages
T cells
Langerhans cells

41
Q

in late stage infection [cell type] are infected via [receptor]

A

T cells; CXCR4

42
Q

CCX4R5

A

infects both CD4 t cells and macrophages

43
Q

gp120 binds to

A

CD4, then CCR5

44
Q

gp41 induces a conformational change forming the

A

prehairpin intermediate

45
Q

when the virus enters the cell and is uncoated

A

reverse transcriptase converts it to linear ds DNA

46
Q

integrase

A

integrates the viral DNA into the host cell DNA

47
Q

is an HIV-1 virus mature at exocytosis?

A

no, need viral protease to form nucleocapsid

48
Q

set point

A

level of viremia at the end of acute stage of infection

49
Q

the higher the set point the _______ progression into AIDS

A

faster

50
Q

mean time from infection to AIDS is

A

10 years

51
Q

the primary stage of infection is characterized by

A

non-specific prodrome

headache, muscle ache, sore throat, fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, GI upset

52
Q

clinical latency

A

asymptomatic period

53
Q

is there replication in the asymptomatic period?

A

yes, constant

constant turnover of infected T cells

54
Q

gradual decline of circulating CD4 T cells during the asymptomatic phase is due to

A

constant turnover and reinfection of new T cells

55
Q

towards the end of the asymptomatic period there is an

A

increase in viral load

56
Q

AIDS is defined as

A

a CD4 count <200
OR
being HIV-1 positive with an AIDS defining illness

57
Q

protozoal AIDS opportunistic infections

A

toxoplasmosis, crytosporidosis

58
Q

fungal AIDS opportunistic infections

A

PJP
candidiasis
crytococcosis
histo
coccidiodo

59
Q

bacterial AIDS opportunistic infections

A

mycobacterium avium
atypical mycobacterial disease
salmonella septicemia
recurrent pyogenic infections

60
Q

viral AIDS opportunistic infections

A

CMV, HSV, VZV, EBV, PML

61
Q

HAND

A

viruses in CNS become M-tropic (instead of T cell tropic) and target microglia cells

62
Q

rapid progressors develop AIDS within

A

2-3 years

63
Q

rapid progressors have _______ viral set point

A

high

64
Q

long term nonprogressors maintain CD4 counts for

A

> 7 years

65
Q

viremic controllers maintain CD4 counts

A

<500

66
Q

elite suppressor or controllers maintain

A

undetectable viral loads without ART

67
Q

can virus be isolated from elite suppressors?

A

yes

68
Q

initial screening test for HIV

A

antibody
or
antibody/antigen tests

69
Q

confirmatory assays are done via

A

western blot traditionally, but multispot assay more recently

70
Q

if the multispot is negative or indeterminate

A

NAT

71
Q

despite ART treatment ____________ persists

A

low level replication

72
Q

the size of the reservoir of virus in effectively treated patients may be as low as

A

10^6 to 10^7 infected cells

73
Q

after discontinuation of ART

A

virus replication rebounds

IBI Test 2 (14 decks)

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