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IBI Test 2 > B3-089 Helminth Infections > Flashcards

B3-089 Helminth Infections Flashcards

1
Q

round worms

A

nematodes

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2
Q

tapeworms

A

cestodes

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3
Q

flukes

A

trematoda

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4
Q

platyhelmithes

A

trematoda & cestoda

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5
Q

aschelminthes

A

nematoda

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6
Q

largest group of helminths infecting humans

A

nematodes

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7
Q

life cycle involves an insect

A

filarial nematode

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8
Q

ocassionally transmitted to humans but humans are a dead end host

A

zoonotic nematodes

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9
Q

pinworm

A

enterobius vermicularis

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10
Q

pin worm females are cream colored and have __________ tails

A

sharply pointed tails

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11
Q

clear, thin shelled ovoid eggs flattened into a D shape

A

enterobius vermicularis

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12
Q

why should you treat all family members for enterobius vermicularis?

A

the eggs remain viable for days so reinfection is common

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13
Q

nocturnal pruritis around anus

A

enterobius vermicularis

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14
Q

treatment for enterobius vermicularis

A

mebendazole

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15
Q

diagnosis of enterobius vermicularis

A

anal cellophane tape test

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16
Q

no vector no incubation

A

enterobius vermicularis

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17
Q

trichuris trichiura
ascaris lumbricoides
the hookworms
strongyloides stercoralis

what do these have in common?

A

nematodes that require soil incubation prior to becoming infective

**puts populations with unclean water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene at risk

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18
Q

whipworm

A

trichuris trichiura

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19
Q

adults are thin/threadlike anterior that embeds in the intestine and bulbous posterior that contains eggs

A

trichuris trichiura

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20
Q

thick shell eggs with translucent knob ends

A

trichuris trichiura

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21
Q

for most helminths, low burden is associated with what symptoms

A

asymptomatic

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22
Q

high burden can cause growth retardation, colonic mucosal damage, blood loss, anemia

rectal prolapse is a severe complication

A

trichuris trichiura

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23
Q

treatment of trichuris trichiura

A

mebendazole
improve sanitary conditions

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24
Q

diagnosis trichuris trichiura

A

eggs in stool
mild eosinophilia

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25
Q

ascaris lumbricoides
the hookworms
stronglyoides stercoralis

have what in common?

A

nematodes that have a pulmonary migration stage

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26
Q

intermediate burden may cause a hypersensitivity reaction to pulmonary migration and Loeffler’s syndrome

A

ascaris lumbricoides

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27
Q

heavy burden causes obstruction of appendix, bile, pancreatic duct, intestine, abdominal pain, malabsorption

A

ascaris lumbricoides

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28
Q

treatment ascaris lumbricoides

A

mebendazole

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29
Q

Loeffler’s syndrome is characterized by

A

eosinophilia, O2 desaturation, migratory pulmonary infiltrates, larvae in sputum

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30
Q

ascaris lumbricoides diagnosis

A

eggs in stool

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31
Q

elliptical, rough/mamillated thick walled eggs. viable up to 6 years

A

ascaris lumbricoides

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32
Q

hookworms
strongyloides stercoralis

what do these organisms have in common?

A

nematodes that cause cutaneous infections

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33
Q

which hookworm has cutting plates

A

necatur americanus

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34
Q

whick hookworm has teeth

A

ancylostoma duodenale

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35
Q

seen in warm, wet environments where people walk shoeless

A

hookworms

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36
Q

symptoms include: ground itch, Loeffler’s syndrome, peripheral and gut eosinophilia

A

hookworms

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37
Q

heavy burden causes iron deficient anemia, hypoalbuminemia, epigastric pain, abnormal peristalsis, mortality in infants

A

hookworms

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38
Q

treatment hookworms

A

mebendazole

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39
Q

heavy burdens of hookworms can lead to

A

cardiac insufficiency and mental stunting of children due to blood loss at the attachment site

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40
Q

thin shelled eggs

A

hookworm

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41
Q

diagnosis of hookworm

A

eggs in feces

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42
Q

eggs pass in cat/dog feces, larvae hatch in soil, larvae penetrate skin

A

zoonotic hookworms

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43
Q

pruritic, raised, red, serpiginous track in dermis

southern US atlantic and gulf states

A

cutaneous larval migrans caused by zoonotic hookworm

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44
Q

has auto-infection cycle

A

strongyliodes stercoralis

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45
Q

female conceives parthenogenetically

A

strongyliodes stercoralis

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46
Q

ground itch
loeffler’s
abdominal pain, diarrhea
urticarial rash with Larva currens

A

strongyliodes stercoralis

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47
Q

disseminated hyperinfection:
immunosuppression
abdominal pain
enterocolitis
shock
recurrent Gram negative bacteremia

A

strongyliodes stercoralis

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48
Q

treatment: strongyliodes stercoralis

A

ivermectin

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49
Q

larva currens

A

red, raised, serpiginous lesions on buttocks and lower back

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50
Q

diagnosis strongyliodes stercoralis

A

larvae in stool (no eggs)
adult worms in aspirate/jejunal biopsy

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51
Q

trichinella spiralis
anisakis
toxocara

what do all these organisms have in common?

A

zoonotic nematodes

**humans are accidental and dead-end hosts

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52
Q

caused by macroscopic adult nematodes and their offspring,
lifecycle includes an insect vector,
dead worm is not expelled (inflammatory response)

A

filariasis

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53
Q

distribution: wuchereria bancrofti

A

tropical asia, africa, americas

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54
Q

vector: wuchereria bancrofti

A

culex, anopheles mosquito

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55
Q

location of adults: wuchereria bancrofti

A

lymphatic tissue

56
Q

location of larvae: wuchereria bancrofti

A

blood

57
Q

distribution: brugia malaya, B. timori

A

indonesia, SE asia

58
Q

vector: brugia malaya, B. timori

A

anopheles mosquito

59
Q

location of adults: brugia malaya, B. timori

A

lymphatic tissue

60
Q

location of larvae: brugia malaya, B. timori

A

blood

61
Q

distribution: loa loa

A

west africa

62
Q

vector: loa loa

A

deer fly (chrysops)

63
Q

location of adults: loa loa

A

subq

64
Q

location of larvae: loa loa

A

blood

65
Q

distribution: onchocerca volvulus

A

tropical American, Africa

66
Q

vector: onchocerca volvulus

A

black fly
(simulium damnosum)

67
Q

location of adults: onchocerca volvulus

A

subq

68
Q

location of larvae: onchocerca volvulus

A

skin, eye

69
Q

nocturnal larvae found in blood

A

lymphatic filariasis

70
Q

cause elephantiasis

A

lymphatic filariasis

71
Q

species of lymphatic filariasis

A

brugia
wuchereria bancrofti

72
Q

diagnosis if lymphatic filariasis in adult stage

A

eosinophilia
biopsy of lymph node

73
Q

diagnosis if lymphatic filariasis in microfilariae stage

A

peripheral blood smear at night
antigen detection
eosinophilia

74
Q

transient subcutaneous calabar swellings (angioedema)
urticaria
may migrate through conjuctiva

A

loa loa

75
Q

diagnosis of adult loa loa

A

location, physical exam

76
Q

diagnosis of microfilariae loa loa

A

peripheral smear during the day

77
Q

microfilariae are released into peripheral blood during the day time

A

loa loa

**differentiates from lymphatic filariasis

78
Q

causes river blindness

A

onchocerca volvulus

79
Q

pruritus, dermatitis, leopard/lizard skin, lymphadenopathy, blindness, subcutaneous nodules

microfilarial migration causes inflammation

A

onchocerca volvulus

80
Q

diagnosis of onchocerca volvulus in adult stage

A

nodulectomy

81
Q

diagnosis of onchocerca volvulus in microfilarial stage

A

bloodless skin snips, watch for emergence

82
Q

adults live for decades in tissue and vascular system

A

trematodes

83
Q

where sexual reproduction occurs

A

definitive host

84
Q

where asexual reproduction occurs/ where larvae is found

A

intermediate host

85
Q

definitive host: shistosoma

A

humans

86
Q

intermediate host: shistosoma

A

miracidia penetrate snail

87
Q

shistoma egg with terminal spine

A

S. haematobium

88
Q

shistoma egg with lateral spine

A

S. mansoni

89
Q

shistoma egg with round, large, less conspicuous spine

A

S. japonicum

90
Q

shistoma males possess deep ventral groves which

A

carry the female

91
Q

swimmer’s itch 1-2 weeks after exposure

immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

shistosoma penetration stage

92
Q

fever, headache, abdominal pain 1-2 weeks after exposure

immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

shistosoma migration stage

93
Q

“Katayama’s fever”
prolonged fever, chills, cough, uriticaria, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, abdominal pain
1-2 months after exposure

A

S. mansoni and S. japonicum

94
Q

encephalitis (ectopic eggs in brain), leukocytes, marked eosinophilia 1-2 months after exposure

A

S. haematobium

95
Q

hematuria, dysuria, bladder carcinoma 3 months after exposure

A

S. haematobium

96
Q

hepatosplenomegaly (eggs lodge in liver and splee)
portal hypertension
3 months after exposure

A

S. mansoni and S. japonicum

97
Q

diagnosis S. japonicum, S. mansoni

A

eggs in stool, rectal biopsy

98
Q

diagnosis S. haematobium

A

eggs in urine, bladder biopsy

99
Q

treatment of shistomas

A

antihistamins, corticosteriods, and praziquantel

100
Q

beef tapeworm

A

taenia saginata

101
Q

diagnosis taenia saginata

A

eggs or proglottids in stool

102
Q

scolex with 4 suckers
up to 10m long

A

adult taenia saginata

103
Q

longer than wide
>15 lateral uterine branches

A

proglottid taenia saginata

104
Q

spherical thick egg with radially striated cell

A

taenia saginata or taenia solium

**unable to differentiate

105
Q

epigastric discomfort, nausea, diarrhea
proglottids may obstruct appendix, biliary duct, pancreatic duct

A

taenia saginata or taenia solium

106
Q

treatment taenia saginata

A

praziquantel
proper cooking/storage of meat

107
Q

pig tapeworm

A

taenia solium

108
Q

if humans ingest the eggs of taenia solium the larvae hatch in the small intestine and migrate causing

A

cysticercosis –> CSN neurocysticercosis

109
Q

adult
scolex with armed rostellum (snout with hooklets)
up to 10m long

A

taenia solium

110
Q

proglottid
longer than wide
8-12 lateral uterine branches

A

taenia solium

111
Q

meningoencephalitic syndrome with CSF eosinophillic pleocytosis
Cysts throughout CNS

A

neurocystercosis

112
Q

cysticeri in subq tissue, muscles, heart, liver, eyes

A

cystercercosis

113
Q

diagnosis taenia solium

A

eggs or proglottids in stool

imaging for calcified cystercerci in tissue
biopsy

114
Q

treatment taenia solium

A

praziquantel, albenzazole, corticosteroids, anti-seizure meds

115
Q

fish tapeworm
broad tapeworm

A

diphyllobothrium latum

116
Q

adults
2 lateral suckin grooves
loooooooong

A

diphyllobothrium latum

117
Q

proglottid
wider than long
central, rosette shaped uterus

A

diphyllobothrium latum

118
Q

operculated egg

A

diphyllobothrium latum

119
Q

high burden may result in neurologic manifestations, numbness, opacity, optic atrophy

A

diphyllobothrium latum

**takes up majority of B12

120
Q

treatment diphyllobothrium latum

A

praziquantel, B12 supplement

121
Q

bear is most likely host

A

diphyllobothrium latum

122
Q

hydatid disease

A

echinococcus granulosus

123
Q

adults live in dog, cysts develop in sheep or human

A

echinococcus granulosus

124
Q

causes cysts with brood capsules

A

echinococcus granulosus

125
Q

pathology dependent on where cyst is formed

A

echinococcus granulosus

126
Q

humans are accidental, dead end host
ingestion of eggs causes the release of onchospheres, penetration of gut, dissemination, formation of cyst

A

echinococcus granulosus

127
Q

pastoral infections
definitive host echinococcus granulosus

A

dog

128
Q

pastoral infections
intermediate host echinococcus granulosus

A

sheep

129
Q

alaska/canada infections
definitive host echinococcus granulosus

A

wolves

130
Q

alaska/canada infections
intermediate host echinococcus granulosus

A

moose/caribou

131
Q

california infection
definitive host echinococcus granulosus

A

coyotes

132
Q

california infection
intermediate host echinococcus granulosus

A

deer

133
Q

cysts may rupture causing fever, pruritis, urticaria, anaphylaxis, dissemination, death

A

echinococcus granulosus

134
Q

diagnosis echinococcus granulosus

A

radiologic and clinical presentation

**aspiration of cyst contraindicated due to risk of rupture

135
Q

treatment
wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia
loa loa

A

diethylcarbamazine

IBI Test 2 (14 decks)

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