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PMP-101 > Somatic sensory > Flashcards

Somatic sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Functional divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

Sensation is detected by receptors

A

Senses: Information on your surroundings
Processed in the CNS

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3
Q

Receptor types / Type of stimuli they respond to

A

Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Nociceptors

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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

ear, muscle and joints, skin and viscera, cardiovascular

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5
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

tongue, nose, skin and viscera

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6
Q

Photoreceptors

A

eye

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7
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

skin and CNS

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8
Q

Nociceptors

A

respond to stimuli that result in sensation of pain

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9
Q

step by step; functions of senses

A

1) Stimulus
2) Receptor
3) Change in membrane potential
4) Generation of action potential
5) Transmission to CNS
6) Integration of information by CNS

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10
Q

SENSES - broken down

A

GENERAL > SOMATIC {touch, pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception} + VISCERAL { pain, pressure}

SPECIAL > smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance

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11
Q

Where is the Somatic senses located?

A

skin, muscles, joints

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12
Q

Where is the Visceral senses located?

A

internal organs

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13
Q

Where is the general senses disturbed?

A

over a large part of the body

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14
Q

Where is the receptors located for special senses?

A

Receptors localised within specific organs

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15
Q

Receptors and Sensory units

A

A sensory unit is a single afferent neuron and all of its receptor endings.

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16
Q

Sensory receptors may be…

A

1) Neuron with free nerve endings

2) Neuron with encapsulated ending

3) Specialised receptor cells closely associated with neuron

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17
Q

Sensory receptors function to trigger neuronal response

A

Environmental changes cause a change in membrane potential in receptor

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18
Q

Receptor or generator potential

A

GRADED

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19
Q

What happens if the signal reaches threshold?

A

It will trigger an action potential

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20
Q

This information goes to the brain via ascending fibres; what type of fibres?

A

afferent nerve fibres

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21
Q

The stronger the stimulus the ________ the graded receptor potential, the more frequent the action potentials of the afferent neurone the more neurotransmitter is released at the synapse

A

larger

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22
Q

is AP graded?

A

No

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23
Q

Each Neuron Has A Receptive Field

A

Region of space where the presence of a stimulus will induce the production of a signal in that neuron

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24
Q

What is unique about the receptive fields in the sensory neurones?

A

Several sensory neurones may have overlapping receptive fields

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24
Q

What is unique about the receptive fields in the sensory neurones?

A

Several sensory neurones may have overlapping receptive fields

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25
Q

The smaller the receptive fields, the more ______ a representation of the stimulus is signaled to the brain

A

accurate

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26
Q

Brain cannot differentiate between two stimuli acting on the same receptive field

A

Tested clinically to test for damage : Two point discrimination task

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27
Q

Somatosensory NS - pathways

A

many different paths

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28
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Linked to skeletal muscles

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29
Q

What does somatic nervous system do?

A

Gives us perception of touch, temperture, body position and pain

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30
Q

External - somatic NS role

A

Process stimuli received from receptors within the skin muscles and joints

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31
Q

Are responses voluntary or involuntary?

A

Both =
Reflexes & Breathing

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32
Q

Pathways for Somatic Perception Project to the _______ and _______

A

a) Cortex
b) Cerebellum

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33
Q

Sensory Receptors in skin - more superficial

A

1) Free nerve endings

2) Merkel corpuscle

3) Meissners corpuscle

4) Pacinian Corpuscles

5) Ruffini corpuscles

34
Q

1) Free nerve endings

A

Temperature, noxious stimuli, hair movement

35
Q

2) Merkel corpuscle

A

Steady Pressure, texture

36
Q

3) Meissners corpuscle

A

Flutter, light pressure

37
Q

4) Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Vibrations

38
Q

5) Ruffini corpuscles

A

Stretch

39
Q

Free nerve endings are important in ___

A

Pain - deeper

40
Q

Different types of sensory neurons for different types of ______

A

receptors

41
Q

Most neurones are _____ for electrical insulation.

A

myelinated

42
Q

If neurone is myelinated they have a high?

A

NCV - Nerve conduction velocity (higher speed)

43
Q

Ascending sensory pathways

A

Somatosensory pathways take the message to the spinal cord and brain – somatosensory cortex

44
Q

Ascending sensory pathways

A

Somatosensory pathways take the message to the spinal cord and brain – somatosensory cortex

45
Q

How many afferent pathways to the brain?

A

2

46
Q

Dorsal column lemniscal for…

A

fine touch, vibration and position

47
Q

Spinothalamic for…

A

crude touch temperature, and pain

48
Q

Three neurons which synapse in the spinal cord (1) and in the thalamus (2)

A

Cross the midline in the CNS/spinal cord

49
Q

Terminate in the…

A

somatosensory cortex

(Somatotopic representation)

50
Q

The amount of space on the somatosensory cortex devoted to each body part is proportional to the sensitivity of that part

A

The bigger amount of space are in the
- Face fingertips tongue hands genitalia

51
Q

Motor pathways take the message to the spinal cord and muscles

A

2 neurons which synapse with each other in the spinal cord
Cross the midline in the spinal cord

52
Q

Terminate at the neuromuscular junction with which muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle

53
Q

Somatotopic representation in the _____ cortex.

A

motor

54
Q

Reflexes

A

A reflex pathway is commonly known as a reflex

55
Q

Simple somatic reflexes ___ ___ include the higher centres discussed for conscious or voluntary aspects of movement.

A

do not

56
Q

How would you describe a reflex?

A

An automatic, involuntary, consistent response

57
Q

Sensors detect external stimuli and sensory neurones sends an impulse to:

A

the spinal cord

58
Q

Interneurons (spine) relay the information immediately back to the motor neurons which causes:

A

movements

59
Q

reflexes is involuntary- generally

A

NO THOUGHT is involved - this is for protection of your body

60
Q

The Five Components to the Reflex Arc

A

1) Receptor
2) Afferent neurone [which takes message to spinal chord]
3) Intergration Centre (sometimes)
4) Efferent neurone
5) Effector organs (where action has been taken - muscle)

61
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Involves Muscle spindle

62
Q

Muscle Spindles are

A

Proprioceptors

63
Q

Muscle spindles are specialised muscle fibres surrounded by a capsule inside skeletal muscle
Runs parallel to muscle and causes

A

a contraction

64
Q

Proprioceptors

A

sense muscle length (stretch) and activate sensory neurones

65
Q

When does stretch reflex occur?

A

when muscle proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle
send messages to the spinal cord to contract it.

66
Q

Stretch reflex increases muscle tension to

A

counter stretching

67
Q

What are stretch reflex properties?

A

Allows fluidity of movement
Vital for bearing body weight, etc.

68
Q

Step by step = stretch reflex

A

5 steps

69
Q

1) stretching

A

Stretching of muscle stimulates muscle spindles

70
Q

2) activation

A

Activation of sensory neurone

71
Q

3) Information processing

A

Info processing at motor neurone

72
Q

4) activation of neurone

A

Activation of MOTOR neurone

73
Q

5) contraction

A

Contraction of muscle

74
Q

step 5 > 1

A

opposes / prevents it from happening

75
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs:

A

Control of muscle contraction

76
Q

Proprioceptors:

A

between muscle and tendon sense tension and activate sensory neurones (type Ib)

77
Q

Axons synapse onto inhibitory spinal

A

interneurones

78
Q

These inhibit α motorneurones (using GABA/glycine) and reduce

A

contraction

79
Q

What is voluntary movement is controlled by

A

the brain

80
Q

The primary motor cortex in

A

the frontal lobe

81
Q

Brain - Integrates information from the

A

somatosensory cortex BUT doesn’t work alone

82
Q

What is the role of the Cerebellum/

A

Associated with balance and coordination
Examples: clapping hands, speaking, writing,

Inhibited in ethanol intoxication

83
Q

Where is the cerebellum located in the brain?

A

The outer layer (pink)

PMP-101 (53 decks)

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