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Foundations > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what increases cell expression of VCAM and ICAM?

A

TNF
IL-1

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2
Q

which 4 things mediate endothelial contraction?

A

histamine
bradykinin
substance P
leukotrienes

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3
Q

name mediators of chemotaxis

A

C3a
C5a

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4
Q

what are the 4 steps of changes in response to injury?

A

stasis
margination (of WBCs)
rolling
adhesions

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5
Q

what is dolor mediated by?

A

prostaglandins
bradykinin (relaxes smooth muscles)

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6
Q

what are the 4 stages of acute inflammation?

A

resolution
suppuration
repair, organisation & fibrosis
chronic inflammation

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7
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

movement of a WBC following a chemical gradient which they move along
after they have left blood vessel

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8
Q

what are vascular changes in response to injury mediated by?

A

histamine
nitric oxide

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9
Q

what is the structure of a granuloma?

A

aggregate of epithelioid histiocytes with a lymphoid cuff

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10
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell number in response to external stimulus

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11
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size

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12
Q

when does hypertrophy become pathological?

A

when heart/ muscle can no longer function.
requires more blood supply than in supplied

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13
Q

what are the 3 categories of growth receptor?

A

-receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
-7 transmembrane G protein coupled receptors
-receptors without intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors

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14
Q

what is atrophy?

A

reduction in cell size

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15
Q

loss of innervation is a pathological cause of what?

A

atrophy

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16
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

the replacement of a mature differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type

17
Q

what are Fas and TNF involved in?

A

they are death receptors in extrinsic apoptosis that activate caspases

18
Q

what can extend life? how so?

A

calorie restriction,
reduces IGF signalling which can silence specific genes

19
Q

what happens in tumor?

A

proteins exit the leaky blood vessels causing changes in osmotic pressure

20
Q

what increases affinity for binding to
selectins?
ICAM/ VCAM?

A

selectins- histamine & thrombin
ICAM/ VCAM- proteoglycan & prostaglandins

21
Q

what is carcinoma in situ?

A

Dysplasia affecting whole of epithelium
Last stage before becoming malignant

Foundations (15 decks)

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