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Joints Chapter 9 > Chapter 13/14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13/14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are your 4 cerebral lobes?

A
  • Parietal
  • Frontal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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2
Q

Some functions of parietal lobe?

A

Movement, spatial orientation, recognition, perception

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3
Q

Some functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Reasoning, problem solving, speech function, emotions, movement

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4
Q

Some functions of the occipital lobes?

A

Visual processing

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5
Q

Some functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Perception and recognizing speech and faces, memories, speaking ability

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6
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Where spoken language is understood

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7
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Where speech production takes place

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8
Q

What is the insular cortex?

A

Deals with pain, bodily/self awareness, anxieties

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9
Q

What are the halves of the cerebrum connected by?

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commissure

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10
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

Subcoritcal grey matter

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11
Q

What is the basal nuclei responsible for?

A

Helping coordinate voluntary movements

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12
Q

What are the major components of the basal nuclei?

A
  • Caudate
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
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13
Q

What is the basal ganglia related to?

A

Action selection

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14
Q

What is found in the basal ganglia?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

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15
Q

What are the disorders of the basal nuclei-hyperkinesias & dyskinesias

A
  • Huntington’s
  • Tourette’s
  • Parkinson’s
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16
Q

What is hyperkinesia?

A

A very rapid spasmodic motion

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17
Q

What is dyskinesia?

A

Abnormal or painful movement

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18
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • Filters sensory information before it reaches cerebral cortex, conducts motor information
  • Alertness, sleep
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19
Q

What sits on top of the brain stem & is the largest part of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

Body temp, hunger, thrist, rage, agression, sex drive

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21
Q

Which systems is the hypothalamus a part of?

A

Endocrine & limbic

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22
Q

What includes the mammillary bodies?

A

Part of the hypothalamus/limbic system

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23
Q

What is the epithalamus?

A

Includes pineal gland (secretes melatonin)

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24
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • Consist of fear, anger, sexual motivation, & feelings of pleasure
  • 2 large structures: amygdala & hippocampus
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25
What does the limbic system include?
Fornix, cingulate gyrus, the hypothalamus, & part of the olfactory cortex
26
What are the 5 parts of the diencephalon?
1. Thalamus (80%) 2. Metathalamus 3. Hypothalamus 4. Epithalamus 5. Sub-thalamus (pre-tectum)
27
What is the amygdaloid body?
Almond shaped structure, involved in memories, emotional responses, hormonal secretions
28
What is the hippocampus?
Memory indexer (long term storage and memory retrieval)
29
What is the reticular activating system?
- Diffuse network of neurons throughout the midbrain and brain stem that are involved in sleep and wakefulness
30
What is the midbrain (mesencephalon)?
- Top of the brain stem (smallest) - Relay station for auditory and visual information
31
What does tectum mean?
Ceiling
32
What does tegmentum mean?
Floor
33
What does the tectum include?
- Corpora quadregemina (bumps) - Superior colliculli (visual) - Inferior colliculi (auditory)
34
What does the cerebellum include?
1. Arbor vitae 2. Balance/ postural reflexes 3. Sequential, repeated movements 4. Ataxia
35
What is pons?
- Horseshoe shaped structure - Relay station for motor and sensory
36
What connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum and medulla oblongata?
Pons
37
What is the medulla oblongata?
Controls autonomic functions (breathing, digestion, heart & blood vessel function, swallowing and sneezing)
38
What are the spinal cord functions?
- Conduction or sensory input and motor commands - Neural integration-neural pools - Locomotion- central pattern generators - Reflexes
39
What are spinal nerves?
- Ventral and dorsal roots - Dorsal root ganglion - Are mixed
40
What is a ganglia?
A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
41
What is a spinal tract?
- Bundles of axons - Ascending-sensory - Descending-motor
42
What happens in ascending tracts?
1st order (from receptor to brain stem or cord) 2nd order (continues to thalamus, which acts as a gateway) 3rd order (carries the signals to the sensory part of the cerebral cortex)
43
What happens in descending tracts?
Carries motor signals downward
44
What is the upper motor neuron?
Carry information to lower motor neurons
45
What is a lower motor neuron?
A nerve cell that goes from the spinal cord to a muscle. The cell body of a lower motor neuron is in the spinal cord and its termination is in a skeletal muscle. The loss of lower motor neurons leads to weakness, twitching of muscle
46
What is a word for twitching of muscle?
Fasciculation
47
What is a word for loss of muscle mass?
Muscle atrophy
48
What are examples of upper motor neuron damage?
Hyperreflexia & spasticity
49
What are examples of damage to lower motor neurons?
Hyporeflexia, flaccidity, atrophy
50
What is a reflex?
Pre-programmed motion or reaction thats designed to prevent bodily harm or death
51
What are the steps in reflexes?
1. Activation of a receptor 2. Activation of a sensory neuron 3. Information processing by an interneuron 4. Activation of a motor neuron 5. Response by a peripheral effector
52
Rule of thumb for synapses?
The more synapse you have, the slower the reaction is going to be but the less predictable it’s going to be
53
Blood supply to the brain
Aortic arch>common carotids>internal & external carotids>internal carotid branches out to form the Circle of Willis
54
What is the proper term for a stroke?
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
55
What does ischemia mean?
Loss of blood flow
56
Name and define two types of strokes
Ischemic - blood clot in a artery of the brain Hemorrhagic - internal brain bleed
57
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid 3. Pia mater
58
What is a dura mater?
Attaches to inside of skull-has a meningeal layer and endosteal layer with venous sinuses between
59
What is a arachnoid?
Vascular;villi; subarachnoid space
60
What is a pia mater?
Held to the brain surface by astrocytes
61
What are the layers of the spinal cord?
1. Vertebra 2. Epidural space 3. Dura mater 4. Subdural space 5. Arachnoid layer 6. Sub-arachnoid space 7. Pia mater 8. Spinal cord
62
What does the cerebrospinal fluid (CF) fill?
Fill the subarachnoid space, circulates through the central canal
63
What cells are associated with the formation of CF?
Ependymal cells
64
What 2 systems make up the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic & autonomic
65
What system is voluntary and controls the skeletal system?
Somatic system
66
What system deals with smooth and cardiac muscles?
Autonomic system
67
What is the epineurium?
The outermost surface of the nerve (fibrous connective tissue)
68
What are fascicles surrounded by?
Perineurium - fibrous connective tissue
69
Each individual axon inside a fascicle of a nerve is surrounded by a loose connective tissue called
Endoeurium
70
What are your 4 nerve plexuses?
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, & sacral
71
What is the neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragm (phrenic nerve) plexuses?
Cervical
72
What is your musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, acollarte, and radial nerves (nerve) plexuses?
Brachial
73
What is your genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, and femoral nn nerve plexus?
Lumbar
74
What is your pudendal, sciatic, fibular and tibular nerve plexuses
Sacral
75
What is a dermatome?
A region of skin that is innervated by a particular pair of spinal nerves
76
What is a Claudia action?
77
What is a claudication?
A limp
78
Cranial nerve I
- Olfactory nerve - Special sensory for smell
79
Cranial nerve II
- Special sensory - From retina
80
Cranial nerve III
- Oculomotor nn. - Intristic eye muscles
81
Cranial nerve IV
- Trochlear nn - Motor to superior oblique eye mm.
82
Cranial nerve V
- Trigeminal nn. - Largest cranial nn. - Sensory to face, motor to jaw
83
Cranial nerve VI
- Abducens nn. - Motor to the lateral rectus mm. of the eye
84
Cranial nerve VII
- Facial nerve - Sensory to taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue - Visceral motor to tear, nasal mucus, and salivary glands
85
Cranial nerve VIII
- Vestibulocochlear - Special sensory for balance and equilibrium, hearing - Originates in receptors of inner ear
86
Cranial nerve IX
- Glossopharyneal nn. - Mixed nn.; sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue - Receptors for blood pressure, pH, O2, CO2
87
Cranial nerve X
- Vagus nerve - Parasympathetic - Thorax and abdomen to the diaphragm and visceral thoracic and abdominopelvic organs
88
Cranial nerve XI
- Accessory nn. - Motor to muscles of neck and upper back
89
Cranial nerve XII
90
Cranial nerve XII
- Hypoglossal nn. - Motor to tongue
91
What is the brain?
- Contains 100 billion cells (neurons & glia cells) - 2% of body weight, receiving 20% of the blood supply - Roughly 3 pounds - Filled with neurons & neuroglia
92
What is the cortex?
Covers outside of the brain (gray area)
93
List the protections of the brain?
1. Cranial bones 2. Meninges 3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CF)
94
Cerebral ventricles
2 lateral (each side) 1 third ventricle (middle)
95
What are the ventricles of the brain?
One large LATERAL ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere THIRD ventricle - diencephalon midline FOURTH ventricle - extends into the medulla oblongota (goes into the central canal)
96
What is choroid plexus?
A cluster of capillaries that contains ependymal cells
97
What are ependymal cells?
Glial cells that filter out & manufacturers cerebrospinal fluid
98
What are the 3 divisions of the brain?
Forebrain, midbrain, handbrain
99
What is the forebrain?
Cerebrum & diencephalon
100
What is the midbrain made up of?
Rostral brainstem
101
What is the handbrain made up of?
Pons, cerebellum, & medulla oblongata
102
What is are midbrain, pon, & medulla are referred to as?
A brainstem
103
What it is cerebrum?
- Largest part of the brain - Divided into right and left hemispheres - Contains grey outer area = neural cortex - Controls higher functions of conscious thought and intellectual functions
104
What is gyri?
Elevated ridges
105
What are depressions called?
Sucli
106
What is pre-central gyrus
Primary motor cortex
107
What is the post-central gyrus?
Primary sensory cortex
108
Bi-
Two
109
Cerebro-
Brain
110
Dendre-
Tree, branched
111
Dys-
Bad, disordered
112
Infra-
Beneath
113
Myo-
Muscle
114
Orb-
A circle
115
Peri-
Around
116
Platy-
Flat
117
Pre-
Before
118
Pro-
First
119
Sacro-
Flesh
120
-al
Pertaining to
121
-ia
Condition
122
-ineum
Discharge
123
-lemma
Husk
124
-trophy
Nourishing
125
What do the afferent spinal nerves do?
Carries information from the body to the brain
126
What does the efferent spinal nerve do?
Carries information from the brain to the body
127
Locate and give function of the primary motor cortex
- Part of the frontal lobe - Generates signals to direct the movement of the body
128
Locate and give function of the primary sensory cortex
- Located in the post central gyrus - Detects sensory information from the body regarding temp, proprioception, touch, texture, and pain
129
What is the main function of the amygdala?
Processing fearful and threatening stimuli
130
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Helps coordinate and regulate a wide range of functions and processes in both your brain and body
131
What is the main function of the thalamus?
Your body’s information relay station
132
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
133
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
Controls motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions
134
What is the main function of the pons?
Handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing
135
What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
To keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis
136
Where is CSF? What cells makes it? What should it look like? Between what layers of dura does it circulate? Name that space.
Made by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain and is made between pia mater and the arachnoid mater
137
A person has a fatal stroke in the part of the brain that contains the respiratory and blood pressure centers. Where would that be?
Ischemic stroke & it occurs in the blood vessels (arteries)
138
What is the proper name for a stroke?
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
139
What are the 2 types of strokes?
Ischemic & hemorrhagic
140
What do you call a mini stroke?
Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
141
What does the word desiccate mean?
The drying out of a living organism
142
A stroke in the left motor cortex would do what to the body’s ability to move?
The patient may have trouble lifting their right arm, moving fingers on their right hand, controlling their right leg movements
143
What can you tell about the information transported along ascending and descending tract?
Ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body, like pain Descending tracts carry motor information (like instructions to move)
144
List and name the 12 cranial nerves, using Roman numerals
1. I olfactory never 2. II optic nerve 3. III oculomotor nerve 4. IV trochlear nerve 5. V trigeminal nerve 6. VI abducens nerve 7. VII facial nerve 8. VIII vestibuocochlear nerve 9. IX glossopharyngeal nerve 10. vagus nerve 11. XI accessory never 12. XII hypoglossal
145
What is the CRANIAL NERVE I
Olfactory nerve
146
What is the CRANIAL NERVE II
optic nerve
147
What is the CRANIAL NERVE III?
Oculomotor nerve
148
What is the CRANIAL NERVE IV?
Trochlear nerve
149
What is the CRANIAL NERVE V?
Trigeminal nerve
150
What is the CRANIAL NERVE VI?
Abducens nerve
151
What is the CRANIAL NERVE VII?
Facial nerve
152
What is the CRANIAL VIII?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
153
What is the CRANIAL IX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
154
What is the CRANIAL X?
Vagus nerve
155
What is the CRANIAL XI?
Accessory nerve
156
What is the CRANIAL XII?
Hypoglossal

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