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Joints Chapter 9 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Ab-

A

From

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2
Q

Ad-

A

To, toward

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3
Q

Ante-

A

Before

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4
Q

Arthro-

A

Joint

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5
Q

Burs-

A

Bag, sac

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6
Q

Circum-

A

Around

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7
Q

Emmetro-

A

In proper measure

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8
Q

Fil-

A

Thread

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9
Q

Gran-

A

Grain

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10
Q

Ipsi-

A

Itself

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11
Q

Lacun-

A

Space, hollow

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12
Q

Oligo-

A

Little, few

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13
Q

Para-

A

Beyond

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14
Q

Presby-

A

Old

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15
Q

Sutur-

A

Sewing

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16
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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17
Q

-malacia

A

Softening

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18
Q

-opia

A

Eye

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19
Q

-ostium

A

Door, opening

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20
Q

What 2 types of cells is nervous tissue composed of?

A

Neurons & glial cells

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21
Q

Neurons

A
  1. Cells that send and receive electrical signals
  2. Irritable
  3. Responsive
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22
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system & peropheral nervous system

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23
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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24
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Sensory & motor

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25
Q

Afferent-sensory

A

Carries information from receptors to brain or spinal cord

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26
Q

Efferent motors

A

Carries info from brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands

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27
Q

What are receptors?

A

-Neurons and specialized cells that detect changes
- May be in specialized structures such as the tongue, eye, ear

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28
Q

What are the functional divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic & autonomic

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29
Q

Somatic

A
  • Controls skeletal muscle contractions
  • Voluntary and reflexive
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30
Q

Autonomic

A

Controls subconscious actions of cardiac and smooth muscles

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31
Q

What are the two autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic

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32
Q

Sympathetic

A

Stimulative

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33
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Relaxing

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34
Q

Neurons-structure

A
  • Soma
  • Dendrites
  • Axons
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35
Q

What are the major organelles of neuron?

A
  • Neurolemma
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Smoot and rough ER
  • Ribosomes
  • Perikaryon - cytoplasm
  • Cytoskeleton
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36
Q

Nissl bodies

A
  • Dense areas of RER and ribosomes
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37
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information

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38
Q

Axons

A
  • Carry the action potential away from the neuron body
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39
Q

What are the 3 synapse?

A
  • Pre-synaptic cell
  • Post-synaptic cell
  • Synaptic cleft
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40
Q

Synapse

A
  • Contains synaptic vesicles of neurontransmitters
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41
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • are chemical messengers
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42
Q

What are the 4 types of neurons?

A
  • Anaxonic neuron
  • Bipolar neuron
  • Unipolar neuron
  • Multipolar neuron
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43
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
  • Interneurons
44
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent neurons of PNS

45
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent neurons of PNS

46
Q

Interneurons

A

Association neurons

47
Q

Three types of sensory receptors

A
  • Interceptors, monitor internal systems, internal senses
48
Q

What are exteroceptors?

A
  • External sense (touch, temp, pressure)
  • Distance senses (sight, smell, hearing)
49
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A
  • Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
50
Q

Two groups of efferent axons

A
  • Preganglionic fibers
  • Postganglionic fibers
51
Q

Most located in brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia (between sensory and motor neurons)

A

Interneurons

52
Q

Are responsible for
- Distribution of sensory information
- Coordination of motor activity

A

Interneurons

53
Q

Are involved in high functions
- Memory, planning, learning

A

Interneurons

54
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • Half the volume of the nervous system
  • Many types of neuroglia in CNS and PNS
55
Q

Four types of neuroglia in the CNS

A
  • Ependymal cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
56
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Form epithelium called ependyma
  • Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain:
    secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF
    monitor CSF
    contain stem cells for repair
57
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Maintain blood - brain barrier (isolates CNS)
  • Create three-dimensional framework for CNS
  • Repaid damaged neural tissue
  • Guide neuron development
  • Control interstitial enviroment
58
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Process contact other neuron cell bodies
  • Wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths
59
Q

Microglia

A
  • Migrate through neural tissue
  • Clean up cellular debris, waste product, and pathogens
60
Q

What are the neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells
61
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • Surround ganglia
  • Regulate environment around neuron
62
Q

Schwann cells

A
  1. Form myelin sheath around peripheral axons
  2. One Schwann cells sheaths one segment of axon:
    - many Schwann cells sheath entire axon
63
Q

Neural responses to injuries

A

Wallerian degeneration
- Axon distal to injury degenerates
Schwann cells
- Form path for new growth
- Wrap new axon in myelin

64
Q

Transmembrane potential

A

Ion movements & electrical signals
- all plasma (cell) membranes produce electric signals by ion movements
- transmembrane potential is particularly important to neurons

65
Q

Three requirements for transmembrane potential

A
  • concentration gradient of ions (Na+, K+)
  • selectively permeable through channels
  • maintains charge difference across membrane (resting potential - 70 mV)
66
Q

Passive forces acting across the membrane

A

Chemical gradients
- concentration gradients of ions (Na+, K+)
Electrical gradients
- separate charges of positive and negative ions
- result in potential difference

67
Q

Equilibrium

A
  • the transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane
    Examples
    K+ = -90 mV
    Na+ = +66 mV
68
Q

Active forces across the membrane

A

Sodium-potassium ATPase (exchange pump)
- is powered by ATP
- carries 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
- balances passive forces of diffusion
- maintains resting potential (-70 mV)

69
Q

Graded potential

A

Temporary, localized change in the transmembrane potential produced by a stimulus

70
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulse produced by a graded potential, propagated down an axon

71
Q

Chemical gradients

A

Concentration gradients of ions (Na+, K+)

72
Q

Electrical gradients

A
  • Separate charges of positive and negative ions
  • Result in potential difference
73
Q

K+

A

Potassium

74
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

75
Q

Changes in transmembrane potential

A

Transmembrane potential rises or falls

76
Q

Another name for passive channels

A

Leak channels

77
Q

Another name for active channels

A

Gated channels

78
Q

Passive channels?

A

Are always open
Permeability changes with conditions

79
Q

Active channels?

A

Open and close in response to stimuli
At resting potential, most gated channels are

80
Q

What are the three classes of gated channels?

A

Chemically gated channels
Voltage-gated channels
Mechanically gated channels

81
Q

What are chemically gated channels?

A

Open in presence of specific chemicals
Found on neuron cell body and dendrites

82
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

Respond to changes in transmembrane potential
Have activation gates (open) and inactivation gates (closes)

83
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Going more postivie

84
Q

Repolarization

A

Going negative

85
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Going even more negative

86
Q

What are the four steps in generation of action potentials?

A

Step 1: Depolarization to threshold
Step 2: Activation of Na+ channels
Step 3: Inactivation of Na+ channels, activation of K+ channels
Step 4: Return to normal permeability

87
Q

What does the refractory period include?

A

The time period, absolute refractory period, & relative refractory period

88
Q

What is the time period?

A

During which membrane will not respond normally to additional stimuli

89
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A
  • Sodium channels open or inactivated
  • No action potential possible
90
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A
  • Membrane potential almost normal
  • Very large stimulus can initiate action potential
91
Q

What is propagation?

A
  • Moves action potentials generated in axon hillock
  • Along entire length of axon
  • A series of repeated actions, not passive flow
92
Q

What are the two methods of propagating action potentials?

A
  • Continuous propagation: unmyelinated axons
  • Saltatory propagation: myelinated axons
93
Q

Saltatory propagation

A
  • Faster and uses less energy than continuous propagation
  • Local current “jumps” from node to node
94
Q

Axon diameter and propagation speed

A
  • the larger the diameter, the lower the resistance
95
Q

What are the three groups of axons?

A

Type A fibers
Type B fibers
Type C fibers

96
Q

What is chemical synapses?

A
  • Signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters
  • Synaptic delay
97
Q

What is electrical synapses?

A
  • Direct physical contact between cells
  • Continuous local current and action potential propagation
98
Q

Gamma

A

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

99
Q

Endorphins & enkephalins

A
  • Inhibit spinal neurons from transmitting pain signals to the brain
100
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

101
Q

What does EPSP do?

A

Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

102
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

103
Q

Define IPSP

A

Graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

104
Q

What are the types of axons?

A
  • Axolemme
  • Axoplasm
  • Axon Hillock
  • Telodenria
  • Synaptic terminals
105
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Area of communication between two cells

106
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Area of communication between two cells

Joints Chapter 9 (7 decks)

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