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VMS 1001 > The cattle industry > Flashcards

The cattle industry Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-weaning calf

A

period of weaning from 8-10 weeks, GIT transition from monogastric to ruminant

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2
Q

Heifer

A

female bovine that will calf for the first time

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3
Q

Steer/Bullock

A

male bovine that has been castrated

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4
Q

Bull

A

entire sexually mature male

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5
Q

Springer

A

Cow/Heifer that is close to calving

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6
Q

Transition cow

A

within the period of 3 weeks pre and 3 weeks post calving

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7
Q

Fresh cow

A

cow that has recently given birth and is beginning to produce milk

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8
Q

Dry cow

A

dairy cow that is no longer producing milk- usually pregnant and have a dry period of 60 days before calving

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9
Q

Free martin

A

female twin of a bull that is usually infertile

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10
Q

Cow calf operation

A

management unit that maintains a breeding herd of cows and produces weaned calves for sale

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11
Q

Feeder cattle

A

those that require more growth/ fattening before slaughter

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12
Q

Feedlot

A

beef cattle enterprise where cattle are placed in confinement, fed harvested feeds then put to slaughter

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13
Q

Finished cattle

A

fed cattle that are now ready for slaughter

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14
Q

What is required for organic cattle production?

A

Free-range, fewer pesticides, more strict rules regarding antibiotic usage- reduced production of both meat and milk

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15
Q

What is the farm assurance scheme?

A

Red tractor scheme, accepted by most farmers- they monitor what consumers value the most from their food

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16
Q

What are intensive systems?

A

Mainly housed, food is brought to them, increases productivity, there is reduced cost of production and smaller methane foot print

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17
Q

What are extensive systems?

A

Outdoor, grazing-based system- Housed part of the year (late autumn to end of winter, farming grass not animals- lower methane foot print

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18
Q

What are the benefits of cows lying down?

A

resting, rumination and increased milk production due to increased blood circulation through the udder

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19
Q

How much loafing space do cows require?

A

3m2

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20
Q

How much lying space do cows require?

A

7.5m2

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21
Q

How much cubicle space do cows require?

A

minimum 100% of their size, ideally 110%- loafing area is 120%

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22
Q

What are nutrients used for?

A

Basal metabolism, activity, growth, pregnancy, lactation

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23
Q

What is the volume of the reticulorumen?

A

150-200L

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24
Q

How long do cows spend in natural grazing condition?

A

4 to 9 hours a day,

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25
Q

what should the stocking density of the cubicles be like?

A

one cow per cubicle or less any more reduces lying time and increases aggression and abnormal behaviour

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26
Q

What are the benefits of intensive systems when it comes to feeding

A

Food is easy to reach, decreases bullying and stimulates cows to eat

27
Q

What is total mixed ration?

A

all food is mixed into a wagon and distributed out, it optimises feed intakes and decreases rumen pH changes, problems can be incorrect weights of feed, overmixing and short chop length

28
Q

When are dairy cows generally grazed?

A

From spring to autumn, dry to avoid poaching

29
Q

Beef Suckler herds

A

cows calve in spring/autumn
calves born on the farm are reared by mother until weaned
Weaned at 12 weeks
Slaughtered at 18 months

30
Q

What are the 4 sections that beef production can be separated into?

A

Pedigree breeding herds, Commercial beef suckler herds, young stock rearing herds and fattening units

31
Q

Pedigree breeding herds

A

used in commercial beef and dairy herds which breed and rear animals for slaughter

32
Q

How many cattle are there in the UK?

A

9.4 million

33
Q

How many dairy farms are there in the uk?

A

13,200

34
Q

How many beef farms are there in the UK?

A

26,000

35
Q

What is the average price of a dairy heifer?

A

1500

36
Q

What are the key points surrounding organic cattle production?

A

At pasture whenever the conditions allow for it, no antibiotics/ fertilizers- reduced production but higher market value

37
Q

How do you test for bovine tB?

A

Skin tests or gamma tests

38
Q

What are some common issues in cattle nutrition?

A
  • Diet not mixed/feed correctly.
  • Element of formulation has changed (usually silages).
  • (composition/palatability of silage is different to the one used for calculation of diet)
39
Q

What is the space needed for a cubicle?

A

minimum 100%, ideally 110%

40
Q

What is the legal requirement for space in a calf pen?

A

1.5m2, ideally should be 3m2

41
Q

What are the benefits of feeding in groups?

A

Social facilitation, higher feed intake and less growth variation

42
Q

How much rumination activity occurs whilst lying down?

A

63-83%

43
Q

What is an example of an extensive system?

A

Beef suckler herds

44
Q

What is an example of an intensive system?

A

Barley beef or veal

45
Q

When does most feed activity occur?

A

Once re-entering the parlour

46
Q

When do beef calves become weaned?

A

12 weeks

47
Q

When do beef caves leave their mothers (sucklers)

A

9 months

48
Q

What does the Red Tractor scheme measure?

A

Food safety, Food welfare, Traceability and environmental protection

49
Q

What are some farm accreditation schemes?

A

Action Johne’s, BVD Free, BVD Eradication policy, Premium cattle health scheme

50
Q

What is DEFRA responsible for?

A

responsible for safeguarding our
natural environment, supporting our world-leading food and
farming industry, and sustaining a thriving rural economy.

51
Q

What is APHA responsible for?

A
  • safeguard animal and plant health for the benefit of
    people, the environment and the economy.
52
Q

What kind of disease is TB Primarily?

A

a chronic respiratory disease

53
Q

What are the two ways you can test for TB?

A

Blood test, Gamma test

54
Q

How many cattle were killed with TB Last year?

A

37000

55
Q

What is the minimum length grass needs to be for a cow to graze it?

A

3cm

56
Q

What are beef cows weaned on if they are spring born?

A

Grass

57
Q

What are beef cows weaned on if they are autumn born?

A

Creep Feed

58
Q

When are barely beef cows usually slaughtered?

A

around 10-12 months

59
Q

What happens to spring born calves in the commercial beef suckler unit?

A

Weaned at 8-9 months, then either sent to a finishing unit or kept on to become suckler cows

60
Q

What is the issue with young stock rearing units?

A

Taking calves from the dairy sector means it’s harder to control biosecurity and it is more likely that there is an exchange of pathogens

61
Q

What are the 4 phases in a fattening unit?

A

Backgrounding, Transition, Growing and Finishing

62
Q

What are the benefits of castration?

A

Makes them easier to handle, better growth rates and better carcass quality

63
Q

When should you use anaesthetic when castrating cows?

A

When they are over 2 months, if they are under a week you can use a rubber ring with no anaesthetic

64
Q

How can you do disbudding in a calf?

A

Chemical cauterisation if they are under a week, anything else requires anaesthetic- should not be done over 2 months old

VMS 1001 (24 decks)

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