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A&P. I > (Ch.13) Lesson 17: The spinal cord & spinal nerves > Flashcards

(Ch.13) Lesson 17: The spinal cord & spinal nerves Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

How many spinal cord segments are there?

A

31 spinal cord segments

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3
Q

Where are spinal cords based?

A

Based on vertebrae where spinal nerves originate.

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4
Q

Do the positions of the spinal & vertebrae segments change?

A

Yes, they change w/ age

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5
Q

Why do the vertebrae & spinal segments change as you age?

A

As you age the vertebral column grows & ventral roots elongate.

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6
Q

How are cervical roots named?

A

They are named for the vertebra inferior to it
* The spinal nerve exits above the vertebrae it is named after
* All other nerves are named after their superior vertebra.

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7
Q

What are the 2 roots/branches of the spinal nerves?

A
  1. Ventral
  2. Dorsal
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8
Q

Ventral =

A

Axons of motor neurons
*Somatic and visceral effectors

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9
Q

Dorsal =

A

Axons of sensory neurons

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10
Q

Where is there spinal nerve located?

A

Found @ each side of the spine
1. Dorsal and ventral roots joins
2. Spinal nerve formed.

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11
Q

Dorsal roots + ventral roots =

A

Formation of spinal nerve

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12
Q

What do mixed nerves carry?

A

Carry afferent and efferent sensory fibers

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13
Q

What do mixed nerves carry?

A

Axons from ventral & dorsal roots

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14
Q

Explain what the spinal meninges specialize in.

A

Membranes the isolate spinal cord from the surroundings

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15
Q

What do the spinal meninges interact with?

A

Interact with the cranial meninges

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16
Q

What are the functions of the spinal meninges?

A
  1. Protecting the spinal cord
  2. Carrying blood to epidural & subarachnoid space
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17
Q

Explain what is meningitis

A
  1. Viral or bacterial meningitis
  2. Spinal meningitis or cerebral meningitis could disrupt CSF flow, damage or kill neurons & neuroglia
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18
Q

How does meningitis impact the body @ later stages?

A

Later stages of meningitis affect the entire meningeal system.

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19
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers (in order of inner-outer)?

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia
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20
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Dura mater?

A
  1. Tough & fibrous
  2. Cranially…
    -Fuses w/ periosteum of occipital bone
    -Continuous w/ dura mater
  3. Caudally…
    -Tapers w/ dense collagen fibers
    - Joins filum terminal in coccygeal ligaments
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21
Q

Which space is located within the dura mater?

A

The epidural space

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22
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

The space between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal/foramen

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23
Q

What type of tissue does the epidural tissue contain?

A

Contains loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

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24
Q

The epidural is which kind of site?

A

Anesthetic injection site

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25
Q

What is an epidural block?

A

Temporary sensory loss and possibly motor paralysis (mostly just sensory loss)
-Used at the inferior lumbar/sacral region for pain control during childbirth
- Only affects spinal nerves of the immediate area.

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26
Q

What layer is the arachnoid matter?

A
  1. Middle meningeal layer
  2. Arachanoid membrane
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27
Q

Which type of tissue layers the outer surface of the arachnoid matter?

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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28
Q

What are the interlayer spaces of arachnoid matter?

A
  1. Subdural space
  2. Subarachnoid space 0
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29
Q

An example/ of gray matter location controlling the body movement controlled

A

Cervical enlargement, from medial to lateral, somatic motor nuclei in the anterior horn control pectoral girdle, muscles of arm, forearm, hand, and fingers

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30
Q

Where is the subdural space located?

A

Between the arachnoid & dura mater

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31
Q

Where is the subarachnoid layer located?

A

Between the pia & the arachnoid mate.

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32
Q

List the physical characteristics that make up the subarachnoid layer.

A
  1. Contains collage/elastic fiber network (Arachnoid trabeculae)
  2. Filled with CSF
  3. Dorsal & ventral roots of cauda equina are located in subarachnoid space.
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33
Q

Within the meningeal layer where is the pia layer located?

A

The innermost layer

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34
Q

Describe the physical characteristics that make up the pia layer.

A
  1. Mesh of collagen & elastic fibers
  2. Bound to underlying neural tissue
  3. Blood vessels serving the spinal cord run along the surface of spinal pia matter within subarachnoid
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35
Q

What are the denticulate layers

A

Bilateral triangular lateral extensions of the pia mater anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater.

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36
Q

What are pair denticulate layers?

A
  1. Approximately 20-21 pairs
  2. Found on each side of the spinal cord
  3. Extend from pia mater to dura
  4. Stabilize lateral movement.
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37
Q

(Structure of spinal cord):
Blood vessels

A
  1. Found along the surface of spinal pia material
  2. Within subarachnoid space.
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38
Q

The sectional anatomy of the spinal cord consists of?

A
  1. White matter
  2. Gray matter
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39
Q

Characteristics of white matter?

A
  1. Superficial
  2. Contains myelinated & myelinated axons
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40
Q

Characteristics of gray matter

A
  1. Surround the central canal of the spinal canal
  2. Contains neurons cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons
  3. Has projections (gray horns)
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41
Q

What does the organization of gray matter consist of?

A
  1. Gray horns
  2. Gray commissures
  3. Cell bodies of neurons form function groups called nuclei
  4. Sensory & location.
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42
Q

(Gray matter organization)
Different gray horns

A
  1. Posterior gray horn
  2. Anterior gray horn
  3. Lateral gray horn
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43
Q

(Gray matter organization):
Gray commissures (ant. & post.)

A

Axons that cross one side to the other side before reaching gray matter.

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44
Q

(Grey matter organzaion)
Cell bodies of neurons form function groups called nuclei, what are the different types of nuclei?

A
  1. Motor nuclei
  2. Sensory nuclei
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45
Q

(Gray matter organization)
Sensory & location

A

The sensory-motor nucleus’s location within gray matter determines which body part it controls.

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46
Q

(Grey matter)
What is the difference between motor and sensory nuclei?

A

Sensory:
1. Dorsal
2. Connects to peripheral receptor

Motor:
1. Ventral
2. Connect to peripheral effectors

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47
Q

Organization of white matter?

A
  1. Posterior white columns
  2. Anterior white columns
  3. Lateral white columns
48
Q

(White matter)
Where do the Posterior white columns lie?

A

Lie between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus

49
Q

What are the posterior white columns responsible for controlling?

A
  1. Proprioception
  2. Ventral pressure
  3. Fine touch
  4. Vibrations
50
Q

(White matter)
Where do Anterior white columns lie?

A

Lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure

51
Q

What are anterior white columns responsible for controlling?

A

Crude touch & pressure, somatic motor

52
Q

What are anterior white commissures?

A

Where axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other

53
Q

(white matter)
Where do lateral white columns lie?

A

Located on each side of the spinal cord between posterior and anterior column

54
Q

What are lateral white columns responsible for controlling?

A

Proprioception and somatic motor.

55
Q

(Organizing white matter)
What are tracts/fasciculi?

A
  1. Bundles of axons in white columns
  2. Relay the same info to the same direction
56
Q

What is ascending tract?

A

Responsible for carrying info to the brain

57
Q

What are descending tracts?

A

Responsible for carrying motor commands to the spinal cord.

58
Q

Why is the spinal cord so highly organized?

A

It allows for more accurate predictions of injuries to specific areas.

59
Q

What is each spinal cord segment connected by?

A

They are connected by a pair of spinal nerves

60
Q

What does each spinal nerve consist of?

A
  1. Surrounded by 3 connective tissue layers
  2. Supports strictures and connective blood vessels.
61
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue layers that make up the spinal nerves?

(Eat. Patties. Earl)

A
  1. Epineurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Endoneurium
62
Q

The physical makeup of epineurium

A

Dense connective tissue of collagen fibers

63
Q

Physical characteristics of perineurium

A
  1. Divided halves into fascicles
  2. Blood vessels found outside the fascicles
64
Q

Physical characteristics of endoneurium

A

Surrounds individual axons

65
Q

Explain what are peripheral nerves.

A
  1. Interconnecting branches of spinal nerves
  2. Surrounded by connective tissue sheaths
66
Q

What are the peripheral distributions of spinal nerves?

A
  1. Spinal nerves
  2. Motor nerves
  3. Sensory nerves
  4. Desmatones
67
Q

Explain how spinal nerves contribute to the peripheral distribution.

A

The spinal nerves contribute with the following…

  1. First branch (COMMUNICATION)
  2. Dorsal & Central rami
68
Q

The first branch is made up of>

A
  1. White ramus
  2. Gray ramus
69
Q

White ramus function is to?
(Found between T1 & L2)

A

Carry visceral motor fibers to sympathetic ganglion of the ANS

70
Q

The function of the gray ramus?

A
  1. Unmyelinated nerves
  2. Return from the sympathetic ganglion to rejoin the spinal nerve before traveling to the target gland/smooth muscle.
71
Q

Dorsal ramus functions?

A
  1. Contains somatic & visceral motor fibers
  2. Innervates the back
72
Q

The function of ventra ramus?

A
  1. Larger branch
  2. Innervates ventrolateral struct & limbs
73
Q

What are the sensory nerves responsible for?

A

They’re responsible for sensory info carried from the skin/skeletal muscle of the back, ventrolateral surface & visceral organs.

74
Q

What are dermatomes?

A
  1. bilateral region of the body
  2. Monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves
75
Q

What causes peripheral neuropathy?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Compression of nerve.
76
Q

Explain how peripheral neuropathy affect the body.

A

It causes regional loss of sensory or motor function

77
Q

How is shingles triggered?

A

Caused by chicken pox (herpes) virus & varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

78
Q

Explain how shingles attack the nerves.

A
  1. The virus travels to the dermatome served by the affected sensory nerve
  2. Virus stays dormant in neurons of anterior gray horns of the spinal cord after chickenpox infection.
79
Q

Is there a preventative treatment for shingles?

A

Antiviral VZV Vaccine (Zostavax)

80
Q

What are the 4 plexuses of ventral rami?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Brachial plexus
  3. Lumber plexus
  4. Sacral plexus
81
Q

How are the nerve plexuses formed?

A

They are formed from blended fibers of ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves

82
Q

What are the nerve plexuses responsible for controlling?

A

The control skeletal muscles of the neck & limbs.

83
Q

Describe the physical characteristics that makeup nerve plexuses.

A

Complex, interwoven networks of nerve fibers

84
Q

What does the cervical plexus include?

A
  1. Ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C5
  2. Innervates neck, thoracic cavity, diaphragmatic muscles
85
Q

Which major nerve is located within the cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

86
Q

What is the phrenic nerve responsible for>

A

The phrenic nerves is responsible for controlling the diaphragm.

87
Q

What can damage to the phrenic nerve cause?

A

It can cause you to stop breathing. Other branches of this nerve innervate skin of neck and superior chest.

88
Q

What does the brachial plexus include?

A
  1. Included ventral rami of spinal nerves (C5-T1)
89
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

It innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs.

90
Q

Which major nerves are found within the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Musculotaneous nerve
  2. Radial nerve
  3. Median nerve
  4. Ulnar nerve
  5. Axillary nerve
91
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Responsible for arm flexion
Receives sensory info
on the lateral surface of the forearm

92
Q

Radial nerve

A

Extensor muscles of arm and forearm
receives sensory info from posterolateral surface

93
Q

Median nerve

A
  1. Flex the forearm
  2. Receives sensory info from anterolateral hand
94
Q

Ulnar nerve

A
  1. Flex hand
  2. Receives sensory info from medial surface of hand
95
Q

Axillary nerve

A

Deltoid muscle for the abduction of arm

96
Q

What includes the lumbar plexus?

A

Included ventral rami of spinal nerves (T12-L4)

97
Q

What does the lumbar plexus innervate?

A

Anterolateral abdominal wall, genitals, lower limbs.

98
Q

Which major nerves are found within the lumbar plexus?

A

The femoral nerve- serves the medial & anterior compartments of the leg.

99
Q

What does the sacral plexus include:

A

Includes ventral rami of spinal nerves (L4-S4)

100
Q

What does the sacral plexus innervate?

A

The sacral plexus innervates the buttocks, perineurium, and lower limbs.

101
Q

Which major nerves are found within the sacral plexus?

A
  1. Fibular/sural nerve
  2. Tibial nerve
102
Q

Fibular nerve- sural nerve

A

Formed from a fibular nerve that innervates the lateral portion of the foot (part of this nerve is used in nerve grafts.

103
Q

(Function organization of neurons)
Sensory neurons

A
  1. About 10 million
  2. Deliver info to the CNS
104
Q

(Functional organization of neurons)
Motor neurons

A
  1. About 1/2 million
  2. Deliver commands to peripheral effectors
105
Q

(Functional organization of neurons)
Interneurons

A
  1. About 20 billion
  2. Interpret, plan, and coordinate signals that go in and out.
106
Q

List the 5 patterns of neural circuits in neuronal pools.

A
  1. Divergence
  2. Convergence
  3. Serial processing
  4. Parallel processing
  5. Reverberation
107
Q

What are neuronal pools?

A
  1. Functional groups of interconnected neurons
  2. Each with limited input sources and output destinations
  3. May stimulate or depress parts of brain or spinal cord.
108
Q

What are neural circuits?

A

‘wiring of neurons’ in neuronal pools.

109
Q

Example of divergence

A
  1. Visual info goes to the visual cortex and postural/balance areas
110
Q

What pattern does divergence show?

A

Spread stimulation to many neurons or neuronal pools in CNS

111
Q

What does the convergence pattern show?

A

Brings input from many sources to single neuron

112
Q

What is an example of convergence

A

Subconscious and conscious control of breathing

113
Q

How does serial processing move?

A

Move information in single line

114
Q

What is an example of serial processing

A

Relays pain info.

115
Q

How does information move during parallel processing?

A

Moves same information along several paths simultaneously

116
Q

What is an example of parallel processing?

A
  1. Step onto nail
  2. You withdraw foot
  3. Shift weight
  4. Feel pain
  5. Scream
117
Q

How is information moved around during reverberation?

A
  1. Positive feedback mechanism
  2. Functions until inhibited
  3. May help maintain consciousness, muscle coordination, and normal breathing.

A&P. I (7 decks)

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