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LAB > Lab 8: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Lab 8: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 main subdivisions of nervous system

A
  1. CNS (brain + spinal cord)
  2. PNS (cranial and spinal nerves)
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2
Q

3 main protection structures of CNS

A
  1. skull + vertebral column
  2. meninges
  3. cerebrospinal fluid
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3
Q

position of white and grey matter in brain

A

gray = outside
white = inside

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4
Q

position of white + grey matter in spinal cord

A

gray - inside
white - outside

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5
Q

lobes of human brain

A

parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital

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6
Q

5 components of basic reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor which responds to stimulus
  2. sensory (afferent neurons), enters dorsal root of spinal cord
  3. Integrating center within gray matter of spinal cord transfer info from sensory neuron to motor neuron
  4. Motor (efferent neurons) has its cell body in gray matter
  5. Effector organ usually a muscle or gland
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7
Q

3 groups of basic functions of nervous system

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor response
  3. Integrative
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8
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Most complex organ system
- communication, movement, regulation

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9
Q

Function of sensory group

A

1.Detect external + internal stimuli
2.Sensory info is carried to brain + spinal cord through cranial + spinal nerves
3.CNS process integrate and coordinate this incoming info to create a response

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10
Q

Motor response group function

A
  1. Initiated by activating effector organs (muscles + glands) through PNS
  2. PNS serve as communication lines that carry info to and from CNS, to link all parts of body
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11
Q

Integrative group function

A
  1. Brings things together
  2. Link body parts
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12
Q

What is the outermost bony brain covering

A

Skull + vertebral column

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13
Q

Sutures (part of skull)

A

immovable joints that join bones together (except 3 ear small bones)

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14
Q

Lobes

A

various regions of external surface of cerebrum (division)
Ex: frontal lobe of cerebrum lie under paired frontal bones of skull

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15
Q

Small holes that skull has and allow cranial nerves + blood vessel to go through

A

Foramina

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16
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Large hole at skulls base, which spinal cord passes as it enters vertebral column

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17
Q

Vertebral column

A
  • support upper body
    -Each vertebra has a large hole called vertebral foramen (spinal cord passes through)
    -Provide hard protection for spinal cord
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18
Q

What is meninges and its 3 layers

A

3 layers of connective tissue that covers surface of brain and entire surface of spinal cord
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

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19
Q

What is dura mater

A
  • outermost meninx
  • Composed of fibrous connective tissue
    -Sends one extension down b/w cerebrum and cerebellum and another b/w 2 central hemispheres (anchor brain inside cranial activity)
  • has Epidural space
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20
Q

Where is epidural space

A

b/w wall of vertebral foramen and spinal dura mater filled with fatty tissues (cushioning)

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21
Q

2 layers of dura mater

A
  1. Periosteal dura mater
  2. Meningeal dura mater
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22
Q

Outer layer of dura mater

A

Periosteal dura mater
- attached to inner surface of skull bones

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23
Q

Inner layer of dura mater

A

Meningeal dura mater
- external covering of brain

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24
Q

How does duralumin layers work together

A

Fuse together except when separating under cranium to form dural venous sinuses (superior sagittal sinus) that collect venous blood from brain and transfers it into jugular veins

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25
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer
Separated from dura mater by narrow subdural space which has serous fluid

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26
Q

Arachnoid appearance

A

filmy, cobweb material w/ spider like extensions

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27
Q

Wide separation beneath arachnoid mater

A

Subarachnoid space

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28
Q

What does subarachnoid space contain

A

CSF+ largest blood vessels serving the brain

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29
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost meninx
Highly vascularized
Composed of areolar connective issues

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30
Q

Location of Pia mater

A

Sticks to surface of brain and spinal cord and dips deeply into grooves (CAN’T BE SEPARATE)

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31
Q

What is denticulate ligaments

A

shelves of pia mater in spinal cord
2. Extend through arachnoid mater to anchor spinal cord to the dura mater at regular intervals
3. Limit sideways movement of cord

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32
Q

What is CSF

A

Watery fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid
Fills 4 ventricles of brain and central canal

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33
Q

Function of CSF

A

1) Cushion CNS, protecting soft tissue from jolts and blows
2) Maintains stable ionic concentration in CNS
3) Serves as pathways to blood for waste substances

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34
Q

What is CSF produced by

A

Capillaries in choroid plexuses

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35
Q

How does choroid plexuses

A
  1. Flows from ventricles through interconnecting channels + spinal cord central canal
  2. Enters subarachnoid space via walls opening of 4th ventricle
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36
Q

CSF is absorbed by

A

Arachnoid villi (occurs in subarachnoid space)

37
Q

What is corpus callosum

A

forms arch above lateral ventricles (2 large cavities filled w/ CSF)

38
Q

3rd ventricle

A

Shallow depression surrounding thalamus (under lateral ventricle)

39
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

1) short canal that connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
2) Travels through midbrain region

40
Q

Triangular space b/w pons and cerebellum
Continuous with central canal of spinal cord

A

4th ventricle

41
Q

What is meningitis

A
  • Inflammation of protective membrane covering brain and spinal cord (due to bacterial infection
42
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of protective membrane covering brain and spinal cord (due to bacterial infection

43
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Abnormal buildup of fluid (CFS) in ventricles (cavities) deep within brain

44
Q

Largest portion of brain and surface is highly convoluted

A

Cerebrum

45
Q

Folds / ridges of cerebrum

A

Gyri

46
Q

What is sulcus

A

Regions/ grooves

47
Q

What is fissure

A

Deeper grooves

48
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

separates cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

49
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • Structure composed of nerve fibers which conduct impulses b/w 2 hemispheres of cerebrum
  • Ensure both sides of brian can send signals and communicate
50
Q

Central sulcus

A

separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

separate postcentral gyrus and precentral gyrus of parietal lobe

51
Q

Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

A

Lateral sulcus

52
Q

Most posterior lobe

A

Occipital lobe

53
Q

5th lobe deep within lateral sulcus + not visible

A

Insula

54
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Contains primary motor area (voluntarily)

55
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Contains primary sensory area (receives info from sensory receptors for pressure, pain, temp)

56
Q

Thalamus function

A

relay station for for sensory impulses passing upward to cerebral cortex

57
Q

Hypothalamus function and location

A

beneath thalamus

Involved in regulating body temp, water balance, appetite, emotions
Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland

58
Q

Region that contains thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

59
Q

Form part of “roof” of midbrain

A
  • controls the position of the head and eyes in response to visual, auditory, and somatic stimuli
  • transmits auditory signals to the auditory center in the cerebral cortex.

Corpora quadrigemina

60
Q

Tree of life

A

Arbor vitae

61
Q

Where is 4th ventricle located

A

Under cerebellum

62
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extends from medulla oblongata to superior border of second lumbar vertebrae

63
Q

2 grooves that mark surface of spinal cord

A

1) anterior median fissure
2) posterior median sulcus

64
Q

Grey matter

A

Butterfly shape

65
Q

Central canal

A

mid region formed by gray commissure

66
Q

Horns of gray matter

A

Projections of gray matter

67
Q

How white matter outside area of cord is divided

A

Columns of white matter

68
Q

Roots

A

bundles of axons that attach 31 pairs of spinal nerves to regions of cord

69
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
Swelling that dorsal root contain

70
Q

2 function of spinal cord

A

1) Acts in conduction and integration of sensory and motor impulses to and from brain
2) Serves as an integration center for some reflect

71
Q

What is reflex

A

Rapid unconscious reaction to a certain stimulus

72
Q

Pattelar reflex

A

Kick motion tendon at doctor
Quadricep muscle causes leg to kick and extend

73
Q

Achilles reflex

A

Contraction of calf muscles
Toes point down

74
Q

Babinski reflex

A
  1. Toes point downward
  2. Abnormal reflex
  3. Big toe extends upward and other toes spread apart
    Presence of this in adult indicates neurological damage to pyramidal tract of spinal cord
75
Q

Swallowing reflex

A

Can’t swallow in quick succession
Water spill all over place

76
Q

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct

77
Q

Synapse site for sensory fibres travelling to cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

78
Q

Innermost layer covering brain surface (delicate and highly vascularized)

A

Pia mater

79
Q

Space b/w arachnoid and Pia maters filled with CSF

A

Subarachnoid space

80
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

Structures that return CSF to venous blood in dural sinuses

81
Q

Structure that forms CSF

A

CHOROID PLEXUS

82
Q

Large fiber tract connecting cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

83
Q

site of regulation of body temp and water balance; controls pituitary function

A

Hypothalamus

84
Q

Bridge b/w midbrain and medulla oblongata

A

Pons

85
Q

Medulla oblongata function

A

contains autonomic centers regulating heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rhythm

86
Q

Contains corpora quadrigemina

A

Midbrain

87
Q

Outer layer forms periosteum of skull

A

Dura mater

88
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Regulation of posture and coordination of muscular movements

LAB (12 decks)

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