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med 2 exam 4 > Exam 4: Inflammation, immune function, and HIV (11 questions) > Flashcards

Exam 4: Inflammation, immune function, and HIV (11 questions) Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation: Neutrophils

A
  • 55% to 70% of WBC
  • Function is phagocytosis
  • Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
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2
Q

Inflammation: Macrophages

A
  • 4-8%
  • Phagocytosis
  • Repair
  • Antigen presenting/processing
  • Secretion of cytokines
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3
Q

Inflammation: Basophils

A
  • 0-2%
  • Cause the symptoms of inflammation
  • Blood to collect in capillaries and arterioles
  • Increases capillary permeability
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4
Q

Inflammation: Eosinophils

A
  • 0-4%
  • Active against parasitic larvae
  • Limits inflammatory reactions
  • Increases during an allergic response
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5
Q

Antibody mediated immunity: Cells involved

A
  • Antibodies are produced by sensitized β -lymphocytes (β-cells)
  • β-cells start as stem cells
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6
Q

Antibody mediated immunity: Pathology of process

A
  1. Exposure
  2. Antigen recognition
  3. Sensitization
    —– Plasma cell
    —– Memory cell
  4. Antibody production and release
    Circulating antibodies can be transferred to another person
  5. Antibody-antigen binding
  6. Antigen-binding actions
    —-Agglutination, lysis, complement fixation, precipitation, inactivation
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7
Q

Antibody mediated immunity: Antibody classification

A
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgM
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8
Q

Antibody mediated immunity: Active immunity

A
  • Body takes an active role in producing antibodies
  • Natural active immunity
    Antigen enters body without human assistance
  • Artificial active immunity
    Protection developed by vaccination or immunization
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9
Q

Antibody mediated immunity: Passive immunity

A
  • Transferred from another person
    Short term effect
  • Natural passive immunity
    Example: mother to baby when breast fed
  • Artificial passive immunity
    Injecting antibodies from another person
    Short term
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10
Q

Cell-mediated immunity: T-lymphocytes

A
  • Helper/inducer cells
    T-4 or CD4 cells, secrete lymphokines, increase bone marrow production when needed
  • Suppressor cells
    T-8 cells, prevent hypersensitivity, secrete lymphokines, inhibit growth & activation of immune system
    —–/cytolytic T-cells (Tc)
    —————Destroy cells containing processed antigen’s HLA, effective against parasites, protozoa
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11
Q

Cell-mediated immunity: Natural Killer Cells (NK)

A
  • CD16 , can destroy without previous sensitization
  • Destroys abnormal or unhealthy cells
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12
Q

Cell-mediated immunity: Cytokines: small protein hormones

A
  • Act as messengers that tell specific cells how to respond
  • Control many inflammatory and immune responses
  • Monokines
    When produced by macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils or monocytes
  • Lymphokines
    When produced by T-cells
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13
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions: Type I: Rapid Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Examples: Allergic Rhinitis, Anaphylaxis, Latex Allergy
  • Diagnosis: Allergy test: scratch test, intradermal. Antihistamines & glucocorticoids discontinued for 4 weeks prior to testing
    Repeat Open Application Testing (ROAT). & blood testing
  • Minor reaction treatment: Antihistamines, corticosterioids
  • Major reaction treatment: Epinephrine
  • Also IgE
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14
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions: Type II: Cytotoxic Reactions

A
  • Examples: Hemolytic anemias, Thrombocytopenic purpura, Hemolytic transfusion reactions, Goodpasture’s syndrome
  • Diagnosis: Allergy test: scratch test, intradermal. Antihistamines & glucocorticoids discontinued for 4 weeks prior to testing
    Repeat Open Application Testing (ROAT). & Blood testing
  • Minor reaction treatment: Antihistamines, corticosterioids
  • Major reaction treatment: Epinephrine

-Also Type IgG

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15
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions: Type III: Immune Complex Reactions

A
  • Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, serum sickness
  • Diagnosis: Allergy test: scratch test, intradermal. Antihistamines & glucocorticoids discontinued for 4 weeks prior to testing
    Repeat Open Application Testing (ROAT). & blood testing
  • Minor reaction treatment: Antihistamines, corticosterioids
  • Major reaction treatment: Epinephrine
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16
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions: Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • Examples: Positive purified protein derivative, Contact dermatitis, Poison ivy skin rashes, Insect stings, Tissue transplant rejection, Sarcoidosis
  • Diagnosis: Allergy test: scratch test, intradermal. Antihistamines & glucocorticoids discontinued for 4 weeks prior to testing
    Repeat Open Application Testing (ROAT). & blood testing
  • Minor reaction treatment: Antihistamines, corticosterioids
  • Major reaction treatment: Epinephrine
17
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions: Type V Stimulatory Reaction

A

Example: Graves disease

Diagnosis: Thyroid function

Treatment: Anti-thyroid medication

18
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A
  • Often appears with other autoimmune disorders
  • Dry eyes, dry mucous membranes of nose and mouth (xerostomia), vaginal dryness
  • Insufficient tears causing inflammation/ ulceration of cornea
  • No cure; intensity and progression can be slowed
19
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome

A
  • Autoantibodies made against glomerular basement membrane and neutrophils
  • Lungs and kidneys
20
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome symptoms

A

Shortness of breath
- hemoptysis
- Decreased urine output
- weight gain
- edema
- hypertension
- tachycardia

21
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome treatment

A
  • Treatment: high-dose corticosteroids
  • May require dialysis or kidney transplant
22
Q

HIV pathophysiology

A
  • Retrovirus
  • Genetic material is RNA, single stranded ribonucleic acid
  • Reverse transcriptase (RT) is used to convert ss-RNA into ds-DNA
  • Integrase enzyme allows the viral ds-DNA to be inserted into the ds-DNA of the host
23
Q

HIV diagnostic testing

A
  • Positive test from an HIV antibody screening test (ELISA) confirmed by a positive result from a supplemental HIV antibody test (Western blot or IFA)
24
Q

HIV symptoms: Early

A
  • Rash and sore throat
25
Q

HIV symptoms: Late

A
  • Life-threatening opportunistic infections
  • death
26
Q

HIV Stages: Stage 1

A
  • Confirmed HIV infection
  • CD4 T-cell count > 500 cells mm3
27
Q

HIV Stages: Stage 2

A
  • Confirmed HIV infection
  • CD4 T-cell count between 200 and 499 cells mm3
  • Greater than 500 is normal.
28
Q

HIV stages: Stage 3

A
  • Confirmed HIV infection
  • CD4 T-cell count < 200 cells mm3 or > 200 with a documented AIDS defining illness
29
Q

HIV stages: Stage 4

A
  • Confirmed HIV infection
  • No other information regarding CD4 cell counts or AIDS defining illness
  • You do not know the answers to the question
30
Q

HIV Patient teaching

A
  • Avoid crowds
  • Don’t share personal toilet articles
  • Bathe daily
  • Clean toothbrush weekly
  • Wash hands
  • Do not change pet litter boxes
  • Take temp. once a week
  • Report temp >100 F, persistent cough, pus or drainage from area, presence of boil, cloudy urine
  • Take medication
  • Safe sex
  • Avoid Travel to poor conditions
31
Q

HIV medication: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

A
  • zidovudine
  • To treat HIV infection in adults and children 4 weeks of age and older.
  • To prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV
32
Q

HIV medication: Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

A
  • delavirdine
  • prevent HIV from multiplying and can reduce the amount of HIV in the body
33
Q

HIV medication: Protease Inhibitors (PIs)

A
  • atazanavir
  • prevent HIV from multiplying and can reduce the amount of HIV in the body.
34
Q

HIV medication: Fusion Inhibitors

A
  • enfuvirtide
  • For people whose HIV infection is not well controlled by ongoing treatment with other HIV medicines
  • block HIV from getting into and infecting certain cells of the immune system
35
Q

HIV medication: Entry inhibitors

A
  • maraviroc
  • When attaches to the CCR5 coreceptor, certain strains of HIV—called R5 tropic virus—cannot attach to, enter, or infect the cell.
  • should be used only in people whose strain of HIV uses the CCR5 coreceptor.
36
Q

HIV medication: Integrase inhibitors

A
  • raltegravir
  • Integrase inhibitors block an HIV enzyme called integrase

med 2 exam 4 (10 decks)

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