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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

1
Q

where is the only place a virus can reproduce

A

in host cells

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2
Q

T or F: viruses are alive

A

false; they’re not alive because they don’t meet all the requirements of living organisms

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3
Q

list the reasons why viruses aren’t alive

A

they’re acellular, don’t respond to stimuli, don’t undergo metabolic reactions, and they don’t maintain internal conditions through homeostasis

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4
Q

what nucleic acid type(s) can viruses have

A

ss DNA or ss RNA
ds DNA or ds RNA

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5
Q

what surrounds the genome of a virus

A

a protein coat called a capsid

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6
Q

what is a capsid

A

a protein coat that surrounds the genome of a virus

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7
Q

what is the name of the proteins that make up the capsid

A

protomers

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8
Q

what are the three types of capsid symmetry

A

helical, icosahedral, complex

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9
Q

describe helical capsids

A

the protomers self-assemble in a helical/spiral arrangement to produce a rod structure

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10
Q

give an example of a virus with helical capsid

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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11
Q

describe icosahedral capsids

A

a polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular faces and 12 vertices

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12
Q

give an example of a virus with an icosahedral capsid

A

human papilloma virus (HPV)

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13
Q

describe a complex capsid

A

they have complicated structures and may possess tails and other structures

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14
Q

give an example of a virus with a complex capsid

A

T4 bacteriophage (they infect E coli)

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15
Q

what layer do some bacteria have that surrounds the capsid

A

viral envelope

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16
Q

what is the viral envelope made of

A

protein, lipids, and carbs

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17
Q

what do some enveloped viruses have that project from the surface of the envelope

A

spikes

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18
Q

what is a virus called that doesn’t have its capsid covered by an envelope

A

naked or nonenveloped

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19
Q

advantage to having an envelope?

A

helps the virus to evade the host’s immune system

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20
Q

disadvantage to having an envelope?

A

more sensitive to environmental conditions (ie antimicrobial agents)

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21
Q

what is the highest taxonomic group for viruses

A

family

22
Q

list 4 ways viruses are grouped into families

A

type of nucleic acid, if it has an envelope or not, symmetry of the capsid, dimensions of the virion (fully formed virus)

23
Q

what do order names end in

A

virales

24
Q

what do family names end in

A

viridae

25
Q

what do subfamilies end in

A

virinae

26
Q

what do genus names end in

A

virus

27
Q

T or F: specific epithets are always used for viruses

A

false; they are not used

28
Q

since specific epithets aren’t used for viruses, how instead are they named

A

species names are given by descriptive common names

29
Q

other than taxonomy, what is another system of how viruses are groups

A

the baltimore system

30
Q

describe the baltimore system

A

viruses are placed into 1 of 7 groups based upon the type of genome they have + their replication strategy

31
Q

list the 6 steps of the lifecycle of an animal viruses

A

attachment, entry, uncoating, biosynthesis, assembly, release

32
Q

describe attachment of an animal virus lifecycle

A

through random collision, animal viruses attach to their receptors on the host cell’s surface

33
Q

describe entry of an animal virus lifecycle

A
  1. endocytosis (most common), used by enveloped and non enveloped
  2. fusion, only used by enveloped
34
Q

describe uncoating of an animal virus lifecycle

A

separation of the nucleic acid from the capsid

35
Q

describe biosynthesis of an animal virus lifecycle

A

the virus takes over the host cell and uses its enzymes + ribosomes to replicate its own DNA and make its capsid proteins

36
Q

describe assembly of an animal virus lifecycle

A

everything is put together

37
Q

describe release of an animal virus lifecycle

A

nonenveloped: causes lysis to the host membrane = host dies
enveloped: released by budding

38
Q

how does an envelope protect the virus from the host’s immune system

A

the immune response is unable to recognize it as forgein

39
Q

list 3 types of viral infections

A

acute, latent, chronic

40
Q

what is an acute infection

A

rapid onset, lasts for a short period of time

41
Q

example of acute infection

A

influenza virus

42
Q

what is a latent infection

A

the viruses have the ability to remain formant after the initial infection, and can become reactivated later

43
Q

example of a latent infection

A

herpes simplex virus

44
Q

how is herpes simplex virus reactivated (it’s a latent infection)

A

due to stress, sunburn, hormones, trauma

45
Q

other than HSV, give another example of a latent infection

A

chicken pox

46
Q

which virus is chicken pox

A

a herpes virus: HSV-3

47
Q

what is chicken pox reactivated to form

A

shingles

48
Q

what is a chronic infection

A

these are reactions that occur over a long period of time. Amount of virus gradually builds up. They are usually fatal

49
Q

example of chronic infection

A

measles virus

50
Q

why is measles chronic

A

in some children, it can lead to an infection of the brain called SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; Dawson’s disease)

51
Q

T or F: some viruses can cause cancer

A

true

52
Q

give an example of viruses that can cause cancer

A

hepatitis B or C, HPV

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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