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science 10-1 pib > Biology C1/2 > Flashcards

Biology C1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

1) All living things are made up of one or more cells
2) Cells are the smallest functional unit of life
3) All cells are produced by the division of other pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

The first person to observe and describe cells

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3
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

Observed the first living cells and called them “animalcules”

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4
Q

Botanist Matthias Schleiden

A

Stated that plants were made up of cells

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5
Q

Zoologist Theodor Schwann

A

Stated that animals were made up of cells

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6
Q

Robert Brown

A

Discovered the nucleus in plant cells

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7
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

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8
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Proved beyond a reasonable doubt that spontaneous generation of life does not now occur

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9
Q

Rudolph Circhow

A

Observed cells dividing and stated that new cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells

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10
Q

Light Microscope

A

Visible light is passed through a specimen, and then one (simple) or two (compound) glass lenses. The lenses refract the light

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11
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

A beam of electrons is passed through a very thin section and electrons that pass through fall on photographic film - produces clear images of interior

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12
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Electrons reflected off a specimen covering with an electron-dense material (gold) - produce 3-D image of the surface

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13
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Smaller than eukaryotic cells
  • Lack membrane-bound organelles
  • Earth’s first inhabitants
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14
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Larger than prokaryotic cells
  • Have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles\
  • Evolved from prokaryotic cells
  • Involves animal and plant cells
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15
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane-bound structures inside eukaryotic cells that have specialized functions

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16
Q

Cell Wall

A

Rigid outer layer made up of cellulose that maintains the cell’s shape and protects the cell from mechanical damage. Only in plant cells.

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17
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Flexible phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell, that serves as a selectively permeable barrier between he inside and outside of the cell

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A semifluid, jellylike substance containing dissolved substances, in which organelles and other components are found

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the DNA, and directs all cellular activity. Densely stained part is nucleolus, where ribosomes are produced

20
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double-membrane surrounding the nucleus, that has nuclear pores to allow transport to allow transport of materials into and out of the nucleus

21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small complexes that translate genetic information (DNA) into proteins

22
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A

Studded with ribosomes and packages and transports secretory protein. Connected with the nucleus

23
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A

Not studded with ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and packages them for transport to other parts of the cell

24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Recieve transport vesicles from the ER. ER products are modified and stored, then sorted, repackaged, and shipped to other destinations in the cell

25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane sacs containing digestive enzymes within an acidic environment. Used to breakdown food particles, kill infectious micro-organisms, and to recycle damaged or worn-out cell parts. Only in animal cells

26
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane-bound sacs used for storage of food, water, mineral, and other substances. Plants have a large central vacuole that is important for storage and water regulation

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

Has 2 membranes, the inner being highly folded. Where cellular respiration occurs to generate ATP

28
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Has 2 membranes, containing flattened membranous sacs with chlorophyll. Where photosynthesis occurs, converting light energy into chemical energy

29
Q

What is the plasma membrane made out of

A

The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholestrol

30
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails
  • Phosphate head is hydrophilic (polar)
    Face out toward watery fluid
  • Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (non-polar)
    Face in toward interior of bilayer away from the water
31
Q

Proteins

A
  • Can be embedded in or attached to the phospholipid bilayer
  • Transports specific substances into or out of the cell
32
Q

Fluid Mosiac Model

A
  • States that the membrane is a “fluid” structure with a “mosiac” of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids
  • Fluid because the components of the membrane are in constant motion
  • Mosiac because proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
33
Q

Cell Membrane Function

A

1) Gives shape and structure to the cell
2) Acts as a biological barrier, separating and protecting the cell from its surroundings
3) Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell

34
Q

Selective Permeability

A
  • Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic and can easily cross the lipid bilayer of the membrane
  • Polar molecules are hydrophilic and have difficulty passing through the hydrophobic core of the membrane
  • Charged molecules have a sphere of water molecules around them that prevents their passage through the membrane
  • Large molecules don’t fit
35
Q

Selective Permeability - Transport Proteins

A
  • Channel: Hydrophilic channel that allows for polar and charged molecules to pass through
  • Carrier: Holds onto certain molecules and changes shape to shuttle molecule across membrane
36
Q

Passive Transport

A

Diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment; No energy since it moves down the concentration gradient because it represents potential energy

37
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Occurs across a cell membrane if there is a concentration gradient
  • Each type of molecule diffuses along its own concentration gradient, independently of other molecules
  • Only small, hydrophobic, uncharged solute molecules are able to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer
38
Q

Osmosis

A
  • The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
  • Occurs when a concentration gradient exists for solute molecules that cannot diffuse
  • Water diffuses to balance the concentration
  • Membranes have channel proteins called aquaporins that allow movement of water
39
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • Solute concentration of the solution is less than that of the cell
  • Water enters the cell
  • Animal cells swell and lyse
  • In plant cells, uptake of water creates turgor pressure that pushes out on the cell wall and keeps the plane cells firm
40
Q

Isotonic

A
  • Solute concentration of the solution is the same as that of the cell
  • No net movement of water
  • Animal cells do best in isotonic environments
  • Plant cells become limp because there is no turgor pressure
41
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • Solute concentration of the solution is more than that of the cell
  • Water leaves the cell
  • Animal cells become shriveled
  • Plant cells undergo plasmolysis
42
Q

Faciliated Diffusion

A
  • Diffusion of solute particles across the membrane with help of transport proteins
  • Transport proteins provide hydrophilic passageways that allow small, polar, molecules and ions to cross
43
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Uses energy (ATP) to move solutes against their concentration gradients
  • Carrier proteins called “protein pumps” are the transport proteins involved
44
Q

Bulk Transport

A
  • Transportation of large molecules
  • Large molecules must be packaged in vacuoles or vesicles in order to be transported across the membrane
  • Requires ATP
45
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • The cell takes in material by forming new vacuoles/vesicles from the plasma membrane
  • Plasma membrane sinks inward to form a picket. The picket deepens and pinches in, forming a vacuole/vesicle
46
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • The cell exports material by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane
  • A transport vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releasing the contents outside

science 10-1 pib (5 decks)

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